الفهرس 
Advances Of Conventional LaparoscopyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 136 |  |  |
| | | from | 136 | | |
Abstract
Laparoscopy was first performed by Kelling in 1901, as a method to view the abdomen of a dog. One hundred years later, this technique has gained global popularity and widespread use for many procedures in multiple specialities. The technique made a major advance in the early 1980s with the invention of the television-chip camera, which afforded advantages including a magnified image with a binocular view, easy observation of the procedure by the entire operating room, and the ability of the surgeon to operate with both hands.
Ongoing efforts to improve on the morbidity and cosmetic sequelae of laparoscopic surgery have stimulated the minimization of size and number of ports required during laparoscopic procedures. Laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is a recently introduced term to describe various techniques that aim at performing laparoscopic surgery by consolidating all ports within a single skin incision, often concealed within the umbilicus. LESS surgery is not a new endeavor.
Established benefits of hand-assisted LRN include the advantage of a quicker learning curve, especially for previously trained urologists who want to incorporate the well of laparoscopy into their urologic practices. One hand in the operative field may facilitate retraction, dissection, hemostasis, and tactile sensation similar to that experienced with open surgery
Disadvantages of hand-assisted LRN include hand fatigue for the operating surgeon and reportedly higher rates of abdominal pain and wound complications for the patient (ie, wound infections and incisional hernias).
The past two decades of urology have seen an explosion of minimally invasive technology. from advances in endoscopic stone management to laparoscopic removal of solid organ malignancies, the modern-day urologist is continually armed with new instruments and techniques that aim to decrease hospital stay, postoperative pain, and overall surgical morbidity while attempting to make procedures more precise and technically easier. Robotic technology aims to improve the urologist’s surgical outcomes by correcting his/her own human technical defects (hand tremors, limited visualization, suturing, etc.).
Surgical robots fall into three categories: active, semiactive, and master–slave systems. Active systems have artificial intelligence that allows them to perform a procedure autonomously under the supervision of the surgeon.
Semiactive systems have an automatic and a surgeon- driven component. In master–slave systems, the surgeon operates the robot directly from a remote console or workstation. There is no autonomous component to this system. The popular Da Vinci robot platform currently in use is an example of a master–slave system. Master–slave systems make long range telesurgery possible.
GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTIC SURGERY TODAY
Urology is undergoing an immense technological revolution with the introduction and application of robotics in urologic surgery such as robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy, robotic-assisted pyeloplasty, robotic-assisted radical cystectomy and pediatric urologic surgery and other applications as robotic nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy, robotic adrenalectomy, and robotic-assisted pyeloplasties.