الفهرس 
Aim of the Review
The parasitological classification of myiasisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Myiasis has been recognized since ancient times but, at the beginning of the third millennium, it is still being considered one of the commonest zoonotic diseases. It still has much greater economic impact in livestock industry, besides the increased risk of human infestations even in developed countries.
The main dipterous fly families causing myiasis in animals and occasionally in humans are; Oestroidea (botflies) ,Calliphoridae (blowflies) and Sarcophagidae (fleshflies), but also, families Muscidae and Phoridae have a role as causative agents. The differences among the larvae of these families – in terms of location within the host body, biology, pathogenesis, and the host immune response to larval infestation – have been studied in different lines in literatures.
Myiasis may have multiple presentations related to the different life cycles of the causative dipterous flies. Of the greatest medical significance are the evolution of the myiasis-producing species in relation to the infesting host and also, the evolution of myiasis habit itself. The approach of parasitologists in studying myiasis’s evolution has changed with the introduction of new molecular techniques (e.g. the PCR and automated sequencing) that provides a better understanding of many target genes (i.e. mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomal DNA (rDNA)) and parasite proteins. All these approaches result in construction of new phylogenesis and taxonomy of myiasis producing families that relay on morphological, biological and also the molecular data.
Moreover, the present work illustrated the update everlasting and continuous trails in the field of immunology concerning the host immune response and the counter-measures produced by the infesting larvae that result in dynamic equilibrium between the host and the parasite. Besides, the molecular revolution has a role in immunological studies through the advent of new recombinant antigens used in recent vaccination trials as used for sheep strike that’s caused by Blow flies.
Generally speaking, myiasis as a zoonotic disease affects the human body in different ways either by direct infestation of the human body through natural body orifices, wounds or even invade unbroken skin, or by transmission of different types of pathogens. This problem may be implicated in the same time with myiatic infestation or carried out as a part of the process of vector disease transmission.
Myiasis is usually a self-limiting infestation with minimal morbidity in the vast majority of cases in both human and animals but in certain occasions the infestation may be serious if vital organ is affected. Age extremities, direct animal contact and low social conditions are the most significant risk factors of myiatic infestations in human.
The present work threw some light on the role of myiasis-producing families in forensic entomology that is concerned with the utilization of some dipterous fly families in estimation of post-mortem interval and also the detection of toxins and drug abuse in the corpse.
Special stress was also done to illustrate all the update knowledge of the role of maggots in biotherapy that is known as ’Maggot Debridement Therapy’ which came back as a suitable option for necrotic wound debridement with the increased antibiotic resistance. Currently, there are new applications and techniques that increase the efficacy and safety of MDT in wound healing.
Diagnosis of myiasis mainly depends on direct visualization of infesting larvae in the lesions then their microscopical identification according to the standard keys. But, laboratory and imaging procedures can also be done for increased accuracy of diagnosis. Immunodiagnosis for myiasis has been developed as an alternative to clinical parasitological examination such as using ELISA and Western blot analysis. It allows easy and cost-effective diagnosis on living animals and also permits planning of appropriate treatment, and monitoring of eradication programs in broad area.
Management of myiasis involves both treatment of the lesions and control of the disease. Regarding to treatment regimens, there are many regimens for treatment of myiasis but they all aim to removal of infesting larvae and treatment of any associated pathology. Antibiotics and insecticides can also contribute in management of lesions. Concerning the control of myiasis, it involves different strategies that aim to eradication of fly populations or prevent their infestations to the host. These regimens include vector control, mechanical means of control, biological methods or even the use of medications as insecticides. The present work also illustrated the updates in vaccination trials and genetic control methods using recent molecular biological studies on the genome and parasite’s proteins.
The present essay is an enthusiastic trail to follow up all the update knowledge on myiasis, but it seems that this is not an easy task in view of the rapid scientific progress which presents new information every day and even every hour about this parasitic disease and these interesting dipterous fly species. Even in the presence of high technologies of diagnosis and treatment and increased level of sanitation in societies, myiasis remains an unresolved problem in human localities and livestock industry.