الفهرس 
Effect of irrigation on sugar beetOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 250 |  |  |
| | | from | 250 | | |
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out during the
successive seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 at the farm of
Minufiya University in El Sadat City (under drip irrigation
system). The aim of the present investigation was to study the
effect of irrigation levels, genotypes and potassium combinations
fertilization on the yield and quality of (Beta vulgaris L.) in
Sadat area.
Treatments and experimental layout:
The experimental layout was conducted in randomize
complete block in split split plot design with three replications
by allocating the water levels in the main plots, genotypes in the
sub plots and the potassium combinations treatments in the subsub
plots. The treatments of each factor as follow:
1- Main plots (irrigation levels):-
a) 2000 m3/fed/season. (L1)
b) 2500 m3/fed/season. (L2)
c) 3000 m3/fed/season. (L3)
d) 3500 m3/fed/season (L4)
2- Sub-plots (Genotypes): -
a) Kaweterma. (V1)
b) PLENO. (V2)
c) H0671. (V3)
3- Sub-sub plots (Potassium fertilization combinations):
a) Control 0kg/fed potassium (K1)
b) Potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed. (K2)
c) Potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed + potassiumage (Bio fertilizer)
(K3).
d) potassiumage (Bio fertilizer) + Potassium ore (K4).
e) Potassium sulphate 25 kg/fed + potassiumage (Bio fertilizer)
(K5).
f) Potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed + potassiumage(Bio fertilizer)
(K6).
g) Potassium ore. (K7).
Studied characters
I. Growth characters of sugar beet
I.1. Root length (cm)
I.2. Root diameter (cm)
I.3. Dry weight per plant (g)
I.4. Root/top ratio
I.5. Leaf area index (LAI)
(Leaf area / plant in cm2) / (Land area / plant in cm2)
I.6. Crop growth rate (CGR), g/day (W2-W1) / (T2-T1)
I.7. Net assimilation rate (NAR), mg/m2/day
(W2-W1) (logA2-logA1) / (T2-T1) (A2-A1)
I.8. total chlorophyll mg/cm2
II. Yield and its components of sugar beet.
II.1. Root yield in ton/faddan
II.2. Foliage yield in ton/faddan
II.3. Sugar yield in ton/faddan
III. Quality parameters of sugar beet
III.1 Total soluble solids (TSS %)
III.2 Sucrose percentage (Gross sugar %)
III.3. Extractable white sugar % (Zb)
ZB = pol [0.345 (K+Na) + 0.094 NBI + 0.29]
III.4. Juice purity percentage (QZ)
(ZB / pol) x 100
III.5. Sodium (Na in meq./100 g of beet) content
III.6. Potassium (K in meq./100 g of beet) content
III.7. Amino nitrogen (aN in meq./100 g of beet) content
III.8. Alkalinity coefficient (AC)
(K+Na / a - amino – N) x 100
III.9. Water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for root yield
Root yield in kg/fad. / Irrigation Water applied in m3/fad.
III.10. Water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for sugar yield
Sugar yield in kg/fad. / Irrigation Water applied in m3/fad.
The results obtained could be summarized as follow:
A. Irrigation levels effect
1- Irrigation levels had significant effect on all studied
characters except root/top ratio at 140 days after sowing,
juice purity percentage (QZ), Sodium content and alpha
amino nitrogen content in both seasons.
2- Irrigation level 2000 m3/fed/season (L1) produced the
highest values of root diameter at 140 days after sowing in
the first season, dry weight per plant at 140 days from
sowing in both seasons, net assimilation rate (NAR) of sugar
beet plants at the growth period of 140 - 160 days after
sowing in the second season, total soluble solids (TSS %),
sucrose percentage (gross sugar %), potassium content,
alkalinity coefficient (AC) and water utilization efficiency
(W.Ut.E) for root yield in second season
3. Using level 2500 m3/fed/season produced the highest
values of root length (cm) at 140, 160 and 180 days after
sowing, leaf area index (LAI) at 160 days after sowing, net
assimilation rate (NAR) of sugar beet plants at the growth
period of 140 - 160 days after sowing in the first season, net
assimilation rate (NAR) of sugar beet plants at the growth
period of 160 - 180 days from sowing in both seasons. total
chlorophyll at growth stage 140 days after sowing, total
chlorophyll at 160 days after sowing in both seasons, foliage
yield, sugar yield per faddan and water utilization efficiency
(W.Ut.E) for sugar yield.
4. Addition of Level 3000 m3/fed/season recorded the
highest values of root length at harvest in both seasons, root
diameter at 140 and 160 days after sowing in the second
season, dry weight per plant at 160 and180 days after sowing,
root/top ratio at 160 days after sowing, root/top ratio at 180
days after sowing second season, leaf area index (LAI) at140
and 180 days after sowing, crop growth rate (CGR) first
season, total chlorophyll at 180 days after sowing, root yield
per faddan and water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for root
yield in the first season.
5- Level 3500 m3/fed/season recorded the highest values of
root diameter at 160 days after sowing in the first season, root
diameter at 180 days after sowing in both seasons, root
diameter at harvest in both season, root/top ratio at 180 days
after sowing in first season, crop growth rate (CGR) in the
second season total chlorophyll at 160 days after sowing,
foliage yield per faddan and Extractable white sugar % (Zb).
B. Genotypes effect
1- Significant differences were found among the three genotypes
in both seasons on all studied characters except total soluble
solids (TSS %), potassium content at harvest and alpha - amino
nitrogen content in both seasons.
2- Kaweterma (V1) ranked first and produced the highest values
of all studied characters except crop growth rate at the growth
period of 140 - 160 days after sowing, total chlorophyll at
growth stage of 140 days after sowing sugar yield per faddan in
the second season, sucrose percentage (Gross sugar %),
extractable white sugar % (Zb), juice purity percentage (QZ),
sodium content and alkalinity coefficient (AC).
3- Genotype pleno (V2) recorded the highest values of sugar
yield per faddan in the second season, sucrose percentage (Gross
sugar %), extractable white sugar % (Zb) and juice purity
percentage (QZ).
4. H0671 (V3) recorded the highest values of crop growth rate at
the growth period of 140 - 160 days after sowing, total
chlorophyll at growth stage of 140 days after sowing, sodium
content and alkalinity coefficient (AC).
C. Potassium fertilization combinations effect
1- Potassium fertilization combinations had significant effect on
all studied characters except total soluble solids (TSS %),
sodium content and alkalinity coefficient (AC) in both seasons.
2- Potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed. (K2) recorded the highest
values of root diameter at growth stage of 160 days after sowing
in second season, dry weight per plant at the growth stage of
140, 160 days after sowing at the second season, sucrose
percentage (Gross sugar %) and water utilization efficiency
(W.Ut.E) kg/m3 for sugar yield in the second season.
3- Potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio fertilizer)
(K3) recorded the highest values of root diameter at growth stage
of 180 days after sowing and at harvest in second season, crop
growth rate (CGR) at the growth period of 140 - 160 days after
sowing in the second season,
root yield per faddan, foliage yield per faddan in the second
season and sugar yield per faddan.
4- potassiumage (Bio fertilizer) + Potassium ore (24 kg/fed K2
O) (K4) recorded the highest values of net assimilation rate
(NAR) at the growth period of 160 - 180 days after sowing in
the second season, extractable white sugar percentage (Zb) and
juice purity percentage (QZ) in the second season.
5- Potassium sulphate 25 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio fertilizer)
(K5) recorded the highest values of root length at the growth
stage of 160 days after sowing in the second season, root/top
ratio at the 140 and 180 days after sowing in first season and
juice purity percentage (QZ) in the first season.
6- Potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio fertilizer)
(K6) recorded the highest values of root length at 140, 160, 180
days after sowing and at harvest in the second season, root
diameter at the growth stage of 140 days second sowing in the
first season, dry weight per plant at the growth stage of 140 days
from sowing in the first season, dry weight per plant at the
growth stage of 180 days after sowing in both season, root/top
ratio at the 160 days after sowing in both seasons, Leaf area
index (LAI) at 140 days after sowing in both seasons, leaf area
index (LAI) at 180 days after sowing in both seasons, crop
growth rate (CGR) of sugar beet plants at the growth period of
160 - 180 days after sowing in both seasons, net assimilation rate
(NAR) at the growth period of 140 - 160 days after sowing in
both seasons, total chlorophyll at 140, 160 and 180 days after
sowing in both seasons, foliage yield per faddan in the first
season, potassium content, alpha-amino nitrogen content and
water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for root yield in both
seasons.
7- Potassium ore (24 kg/fed K2 O) (K7) recorded the highest
values of root length at 140, 160, 180 days after sowing and at
harvest in the first season, root diameter at the growth stage of
140, 160, 180 and at harvest days after sowing in the first season,
dry weight per plant in first season at 160 days after sowing in
the first season, root/top ratio at the 140 and 180 days after
sowing in second season, leaf area index (LAI) at 160 days after
sowing in both seasons, crop growth rate (CGR) of sugar beet
plants at the growth period of 140 - 160 days after sowing in the
first season, net assimilation rate (NAR) at the growth period of
160 - 180 days after sowing in the first season and water
utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for sugar yield in the first season.
D. The interaction effect
1- The interaction effect between irrigation levels and
genotypes had significant effect on root diameter at 140 days
from sowing, dray weight per plant (140 and 160 days after
sowing) and leaf area index (LAI) at 180 days after sowing
irrigation level 2500 m3/fed/season with Kaweterma (V1)
Leaf area index (LAI) at 160 and 180 days after sowing.
Level 3000 m3/fed/season with Kaweterma (V1) significantly
increased dray weight per plant at 140 and 160 days after
sowing.
2- The interaction effect between irrigation levels and potassium
combinations had significant effect on root length, root
diameter, dray weight per plant, foliage yield, root/top ratio,
root yield, total soluble solids (TSS %), juice purity
percentage (QZ), sodium content, amino nitrogen content and
water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E).
3- The interaction between irrigation levels and Potassium
combinations (L x K) had significant effect on root yield per
faddan of sugar beet plants in both seasons. The highest value
of root yield per faddan (23.16 ton/fad.) was achieved by
irrigation level 3500 m3/fed/season (L4) with potassium
sulphate 37.5 kg/fed plus potassiumag (Bio fertilizer) (k6) in
the first season and irrigation level 3500 m3/fed/season (L4)
plus Potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio
fertilizer) (K3) gave the highest value (38.97 ton/fad.)
4- the interaction between irrigation levels and Potassium
combinations (L x K) had significant effect on foliage yield
per faddan of sugar beet plants in both seasons. The highest
value of foliage yield per faddan (8.20 ton/fad.) was
achieved by irrigation level 3500 m3/fed/season (L4) plus
potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed with potassiumag (Bio
fertilizer) (k6) in the first season. However, in the second
season, the highest value of foliage yield per faddan (9.45
ton/fad.) was obtained by irrigation level 3500 m3/fed/season
(L4) plus potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio
fertilizer) (K3).
5- The interaction between irrigation levels and potassium
combinations (L x K) had significant effect on sugar yield per
faddan of sugar beet plants in the second season only. The
highest value of sugar yield per faddan (7.58 ton/fad.) in the
second season was achieved by irrigation level 3500
m3/fed/season (L4) and potassium sulphate 50 kg/fed plus
potassiumag (Bio fertilizer) (K3).Also, the interaction
between potassium combinations and genotypes (K x V) had
significant effect on sugar yield per faddan of sugar beet
plants in the first season only. The highest value of sugar
yield per faddan (3.39 ton/fad.) in the first season was
obtained when Kaweterma (V1) was fertilized by potassium
sulphate 37.5 kg/fed and potassiumag (Bio fertilizer) (K6).
6- all interactions among the studied factors had significant
effect on leaf area index (LAI) at 160 days after sowing in
both seasons, except The interaction effect between irrigation
levels and potassium combinations (L x K) in the second
season. However, the response of sugar beet genotypes to
irrigation levels and potassium fertilizer treatment
combinations was different in both seasons. In first season
highest leaf area index (LAI) 3.44 was observed from (L1 x
V3 x K7), (L3 x V3 x K7) and (L1 x V3 x K7) treatments.
However in the second season the highest value (6.50) of
leaf area index (LAI) was recorded from (L2 x V1 x K3)
treatment.
7- All interactions had significant effect on total chlorophyll
of sugar beet plants at the growth stage of 140 days after
sowing in both seasons. Therefore, the highest value (68.10
mg/cm2) in the first season was observed whene PLENO.
(V2) was fertilized by Potassium ore (24 kg/fed K2 O) (K7)
and irrigated by 3500 m3/fed/season (L4), However, in the
second season the highest value (68.10 mg/cm2) was
obtained whene v3 was fertilized by k6 and irrigated by l4 ,
However. In the second season the highest value (68.87
mg/cm2) was obtained whene H067 (V3) was fertilized by
Potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed + potassiumag (Bio fertilizer)
(K6) and irrigated by 3500 m3/fed/season (L4).
8- All interactions had significant effect on total chlorophyll
of sugar beet plants at the growth stage of 160 days after
sowing in both seasons. Therefor, the highest value (68.69) in
the first season was observed whene PLENO. (V2) was
fertilized by Potassium ore (24 kg/fed K2 O) (K7) and
irrigated by 3500 m3/fed/season (L4), However, in the second
season the highest value (74.63 mg/cm2) was obtained whene
whene v3 was fertilized by k6 and irrigated by 3500 m3-
/fed/season (L4). However. In the second season the highest
value (68.87 mg/cm2) was obtained whene H067 (V3) was
fertilized by Potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed + potassiumag
(Bio fertilizer) (K6) and irrigated by 3000 m3/fed/season
(L3).
9- The interaction among irrigation levels, genotypes and
potassium combinations had significant effect on water
utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) kg/m3 for sugar yield in both
seasons. Therefor, greatest water utilization efficiency
(W.Ut.E) for sugar yield of sugar beet (1.78 and 2.74) kg/m3)
were obtained whene Kaweterma (V1) fertilized Potassium
ore (24 kg/fed K2 O) (K7) and irrigated by 2500
m3/fed/season (L2) during the growing season in the two
seasons, respectively.
10- All interactions had significant effect on water utilization
efficiency (W.Ut.E) kg/m3 for root yield in both seasons.
Therefor, greatest water utilization efficiency (W.Ut.E) for
root yield of sugar beet (7.95) was obtained whene
Kaweterma (V1) fertilized potassium sulphate 37.5 kg/fed +
potassiumag (Bio fertilizer) (K6) and irrigated by 2500
m3/fed/season during the growing season.However, in the
second season the highest water utilization efficiency
(W.Ut.E) kg/m3 for root yield of sugar beet (15.10) was
obtained whene Kaweterma (V1) fertilized by potassium
sulphate 50 kg/fed plus potassiumag (Bio fertilizer) (K3) with
2000 m3/fed/season (L1).