الفهرس 
Pediatric EchocardiographyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The definition of normal values of Egyptian children would be very valuable for pediatric cardiologist.
Normal values for dimensions and functions of the heart are very important to avoid misclassification of normal children into the high -risk category and the reverse. (Burke GL et al., 1986).
The aim of this study was to define the normal echocardiographic values for Egyptian children regarding M-mode, two -dimensional echo, Doppler measurements, as well as overall systolic and diastolic functions by tissue Doppler.
The study included six hundred and fourteen normal children, ranging in age from six years to eighteen years old. Patients with severe anemia, any systemic disease and any congenital or acquired cardiac abnormalities were excluded.
All patients underwent a full echocardiography study including:
1 - M- mode echocardiography measured all the following: ejection fraction, fraction shortening, right ventricular diameter, inter-ventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness, end diastolic diameter, end systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, aortic root diameter and aortic cusps separation.
2 - Two- Dimensional echocardiography measured all the following: the major and minor axis dimensions of the cardiac chambers (left ventricle and right ventricle) , left atrial, right atrial diameter in the two perpendicular axis from apical 4-chamber view and (mitral, tricuspid, aortic and pulmonary annulus)].
3 – By pulsed Doppler echocardiography, tricuspid valve flow velocities were recorded from an apical four- chamber view; we measured the peak E and A velocities and deceleration time of mitral valve flow, Pulmonary artery peak flow velocities and pulmonary acceleration time and Aortic flow velocities were measured.
4 - Tissue Doppler Imaging: Pulsed TDI tracing of lateral tricuspid annular motion, was recorded from an apical window using the 4-chamber view.
Tricuspid TDI measurements included peak early annular velocity (ETDI), peak diastolic annular velocity with atrial contraction (ATDI), peak systolic annular velocity (STDI) and ETDI/ ATDI ratio (frommelt et al., 2002).
-In the same way, we measured the tissue Doppler E,A and S waves velocities at lateral and septal mitral annulus from apical 4- chamber view and measured anterior and inferior mitral annulus from apical 2-chamber view and mitral ETDI/ATDI ratio was calculated.