الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
In the present study, 2500 lungs cases of slaughtered fattening calves (buffalo & cattle) aged 18 to 24 month old were examined at Qena governorate (Luxor, Qena, Nag hammadi and Bahgora) and Assuit governorate (Assuit, El-Moteia and El- Ganaium) slaughter houses. Preliminary gross examination was performed to show the extent and distribution of the lesions among the different lobes of the lungs. 200 cases showed grossly affected lungs and their available lymph nodes were sampled for histopathological examination. 182 (7.28%) cases had revealed microscopic pathological changes while the remaining 18 cases were aspiration of blood during slaughtering. According to the microscopical features of the affected lungs, these cases were classified into: 96 (52.74%) cases were bronchopneumonia, 14 (7.69%) cases were fibrinous pleuropneumonia, 64 (35.16%) cases were interstitial pneumonia, 2 (1.09%) cases were embolic suppurative pneumonia, 4 (2.19%) cases were granulomatous pneumonia and 2 (1.09%) cases were verminous pneumonia. These types of pneumonia were described fully grossly and histopathologically.
1. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA:
Bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in 96 (52.74%) cases and revealed histopathological lesions in the bronchi, bronchioli and alveolar tissue. This group were classified into:
1.1. Suppurative bronchopneumonia:
Suppurative bronchopneumonia was found in 68 (37.36%) cases. from which 48 cases showed acute suppurative bronchopneumonia and 20 cases showed chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia.
1.1. a. Acute suppurative bronchopneumonia:
The most characteristic changes were presence of suppurative exudate in the bronchial and bronchiolar lumen as well as suppuration in the alveolar tissue.
1.1. b. Chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia:
There were evidence of chronic suppurative bronchitis and bronchiolitis with bronchiolitis obliterans and peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia associated with chronic abscess formation.
1. 2. Fibrinous bronchopneumonia:
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia was found in 28 (15.18%) cases. According to the microscopical features, we grouped this type of reaction into:
1.2. a. Fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia:
Fibrino-purulent bronchopneumonia was found in 12 cases and characterized by extensive fibrino-purulent exudate in the bronchi and bronchioli and the alveolar tissue as well as in the expanded interlobular septa and lymphatics.
1.2. b. Fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia:
Fibrino-necrotic bronchopneumonia was found in 16 cases and characterized by extensive fibrinous exudation with necrosis. The associated blood vessels showed fibrinoid degeneration and vasculitis.
2. FIBRINOUS PLEUROPNEUMONIA:
Fibrinous pleuropneumonia was found in 14 (7.69%) cases. According to the microscopical features, we grouped this type of reaction into:
2. a. Acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia :
Acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia was found in 10 cases. The associated visceral pleura were thickened with fibrinous exudate.
2. b. Organized fibrinous pleuropneumonia: -
Organized fibrinous pleuropneumonia was found in 4 cases and revealed evidence of organization by presence of fibrous bands in the lobular pattern that may compress lobular parenchyma with variable- sized grayish and firm areas.
3. INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA:
Interstitial pneumonia was found in 64 (35.16%) cases, 43 cases showed acute interstitial pneumonia and 21 cases showed chronic interstitial pneumonia. In acute interstitial pneumonia, the alveolar septa were hyperemic, edematous and infiltrated by lymphocytes and macrophages. The alveoli lined with cuboidal epithelium with presence of hyaline membrane and contained multinucleated syncytial giant cells. In chronic interstitial pneumonia, proliferation and persistence of alveolar type 2 cells and fibroblast proliferation were the most common changes. The interlobular connective tissue septa were greatly thickened with young proliferative connective tissue.
4. EMBOLIC SUPPURATIVE PNEUMONIA:
Embolic suppurative pneumonia was found in 2 (1.09%) cases and revealed numerous suppurative foci were spread out from blood vessels and located mainly peribronchially.
5. GRANULOMATOUS PNEUMONIA:
Granulomatous pneumonia was found in 4 (2.19%) cases. 3 cases were tubercolous lesions. 2 cases of miliary form and 1 case large nodular form, while the 4th case was actinobacillosis.
6. VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA:
Parasitic pneumonia was found in 2 (1.09%) cases. Hydatid cyst was 1 to 4 cm in diameter, contained clear fluid, turbid or cheesy material and surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule.