الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Successful pain management requires that adequate analgesia is achieved without excessive adverse effects. Perioperative analgesia has traditionally been provided by opioid analgesics,however, extensive use of opioids is associated with a variety of perioperative side effects. Therefore, anesthesiologists and surgeons are increasingly turning to nonopioid analgesic techniques as adjuvants for managing pain during the perioperative period to minimize the adverse effects of analgesic medications.