الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In the oil and gas industry today subsea technology is now viewed as a possible option for field development. The technical challenges and demands along with increased reliability have seen significant improvements and increased confidence over the past 30 years. The main problems that the industry has encountered throughout this period are water depth, cost associated with intervention and failure and extreme weather environments. such as those found in North Sea. As a result of improvements in technology, production in water depths of up to 3000m is now possible. As the need for increased offshore production has continued to rise in the last few years, the development of ecollomically viable marginal fields has become a more important issue and subsea engineering is playing a vital and important role in enabling this. The emphasis now for the industry is to produce in deeper environments with longer tie backs to either platforms or directly to shore.
In order to overcome these challenges to accomplish an operational subsea field, various costly means should be found such as survey vessels to identify the location of the well, drilling rigs for the drilling and completion phase, construction vessels to lay and install subsea assets, topside facility to receive the produced fluids from subsea wellheads and to deliver them to onshore, inspection, maintenance and repair (IRM) Vessel to be used during operation of the field and a qualified technical personnel. All these previously mentioned means will be discussed in more details on the following chapters of the report, the development of subsea engineering and the principle of operation of subsea production systems as well.
The present report is divided into seven chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction and types of Subsea Structures
In this chapter, the exact definition of subsea engineering is discussed and the history of the development of deepwater technology as well. In the second part, the main types of subsea structures such as subsea wellheads and x-trees are illustrated with a short discussion of their main types and the advantages and disadvantages of each type. The other subsea structures which are responsible for transferring the produced fluids like manifolds, PLEM, jumpers and flowlines are highlighted with their
components. Also the main types of tie-in connections of flowlines have been illustrated. A simple definition ofumbilicalsand their types is given here.
Chapter 2: Gas Production Techniques from Deepwater
In this chapter, the production control system is given with a simplified diagram of the idea of operation. Then the subs ea control system components are given in some details with spotlight on the subsea control module (SCM) which is known as the brain of the subsea x-tree and its components are discussed. At the last section of the chapter, the surface control system components are highlighted which are located on topside facility with their main functions.
Chapter 3: Operation and Maintenance Techniques of Subsea Structures
Here the main operational subsea control systems are given in some details. The process and instrumentation diagrams of x-tree and manifolds are simply illustrated. Then the wellhead operations and the main challenges of subsea production through deepwater technology are presented with spotlight on hydrates formation problems and the viable solutions to remediate and prevent them.
Chapter 4: Deepwater Tecllnologies and Remedial Action
This chapter introduces the ROY teclmology in subsea production operation and the development of it and the hydrodynamic forces and the effect of vehicle maneuverability. Inspection, maintenance and repair (IRM) activities of subs ea assets are illustrated here with a highlight of main subsea equipment change out with the various subsea tooling. The iuost of RO\! interfaced tooling is discussed.
Chapter 5: Deployment and Installation of Subsea Structures
In this chapter, the main deepwater installation issues are discussed like the lifting and lowering operations, load control and positioning and the environmental effects on this issue. Some subsea structures installation are discussed such as suction pile of subsea manifold, manifold, jumper and umbilical termination assembly (UTA).
Chapter 6: Case Study
The case study of this report introduces simplified analysis of the installation of a SDA suction pile by using DNY rule. The main analysis items which are presented involves static weight, hydrodynamic forces, wave periods, wave kinematics, slamming forces on the body of suction pile during deployment and the accepted criteria for the design. Also deepwater lowering operation analysis is presented like Stretched length of a cable, horizontal offset of the suction pile at a specific depth and another analysis elements.
Chapter 7: Summary and concluding remarks
The summary of the study are grouped and presented along with the concluding remarks which may help to identify with the exact aim of the report as this field of study is considered as a new one.