الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In Egypt, organophosphate compounds (OP’s) have been intensively used over many years to control a wide variety of insect pests, weeds, and disease-transmitting vectors. Insecticides are toxins by which we destroy harmful insects. The most frequent insecticides which are used today are organophosphorus pesticides. This group of compounds make substances whose activity mechanism is based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in nerve synapsis, thus producing holynergic syndrome, resulting from the accumulation of acetylcholine which developed due to the absence of decomposition under the influence of cholinesterase. Morbidity is three times greater, often in combination with some disorders of the central nervous system, and the relative risk for its appearance is eight time greater in newborns exposed to organophosphorus pesticides. The presence of organophosphorus pesticides in blood and breast milk has negative effects on newborns. In addition to acetylcholinesterase inhibition, organophosphorus pesticides react by means of other mechanisms as well (Dordević et al., 2010). Adhikari (2010) told that use of pesticide is growing day by day and thus enhances the environmental pollution and hazards. Bioremediation of pesticides is a relatively new technology, which is going through intense study as of recent decades. The process is dealing either with the degradation of the pesticide molecule to smaller compounds, which may be toxic/non-toxic itself or the removal of the pesticide molecule by simple absorption/adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, Malathion is a widely used organophosphate pesticide. Often they are used in excess to their safe limit and they will leach from soil to surface and ground water thus causing health hazards. Malathion residue can be removed by any of the physical, chemical and biological methods but bioremediation was found to be more efficient tool for removal of the Malathion residue from soil and water. As a result for extremely application of Paraoxon, removal and detoxification of OP’s compounds from the environment has been urgently need via develop safe, convenient, and economically feasible processes. Thus, using isolated microorganisms from contaminated environmental phases for pesticides decontamination is getting a great attention recently. Ukpebor et al., (2010) showed that organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) toxicity is believed to be mediated through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Thus, number of mammalian-cell genotoxic and gene expression assays and examined cellular biochemical changes that followed low-dose exposure of MCF-7 cells to fenitrothion, diazinon, and the aqueous degradate of diazinon,