الفهرس 
Chapter I : IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 215 |  |  |
| | | from | 215 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present investigation was carried out on 45 heads of apparently healthy adult animals, 15 buffaloes, 15 camels and 15 donkeys, 8 males and 7 females. Buffaloes and camels heads were obtained immediately after slaughter from Toukh abbatoir while donkey heads were condemened in the dissection room. Ten heads from each species were used for gross anatomical study 5 males and 5 females. Three heads from each one were used for the histological study and two heads from each animal were used for the computed tomographical study.
Photographs for the different structures, histological slides and C.T radiographic films were plotted. The obtained results were compared and discussed with those of the other animals. The nomenclature used was adopted by Illustrated Nomina Anatomic Veterinaria (2007) and Nomina Anatomic Veterinaria (2006).
The present study showed that:
• The nostrils in the buffalo were comma shaped; crescent shaped in donkey and slit like in the camel.
• In the buffalo the opening of the nasolacrimal duct was located at alar fold. In the camel that opening was located at lateral wall of nasal vestibule about 1-1.5 cm from ventral nasal angle. While in donkey it was located at medioventral wall of cutaneus part of nasal vestibule rostral to basal fold.
• The lateral nasal diverticulum was found only in camel, it was a cylindrical shaped diverticulum. It was located outside the nasal vestibule. It opened at 1-1.5 cm from ventral nasal angle by an oval shaped orifice, at level of limen nasi.
• The nasal diverticulum was found only in donkey, it had a funnel shaped pouch. Its rostral half was located in the nasoincisive notch, while its caudal one located lateral to maxilla.
• The nasal conchae in the buffalo, camel and donkey were the dorsal nasal concha, the ventral nasal concha and the ethmoidal conchae.
• In the buffalo and the camel the Endoturbinate II considered as the middle nasal concha. In the donkey it was not recognized because the nearly equal length of ethmoidal conchae.
• In the buffalo and the donkey the nasal conchae formed most of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity but in the camel the conchae not extended to the rostral third and condensed in the caudal two thirds.
• In the buffalo and the camel the ventral nasal concha was divided into pars dorsalis and pars ventralis, these parts in the camel were S-shaped.
• In the buffalo and donkey the dorsal nasal concha was the longest concha, while in the camel it was shorter and smaller than the ventral nasal one.
• In the donkey, the straight fold near the concha was appeared as two rounded ridges, the two ridges rejoined again to continue as one straight fold. In the buffalo and donkey the straight fold contained a cartilaginous prolongation of dorsal nasal concha. While in the camel no cartilaginous prolongation.
• In the buffalo the alar fold contained the terminal part of nasolacrimal duct, While In the camel and donkey the basal fold contained it.
• In the buffalo and donkey Endoturbinates was arranged in one row dorsoventrally while in camel these conchae arranged in three rows mediolaterally , three conchae in the medial, four in the intermediate and one in the lateral row.
• In the buffalo and camel the middle nasal concha divided the middle nasal meatus caudally into dorsal and ventral branches.
• In the buffalo and donkey the nasal septum was formed of a cartilaginous part and an osseous part. While in the camel the rostral third of the nasal septum was a mucomuscular partition.
• In the buffalo the mucous membrane covering nasal septum has dorsal and ventral septal swelling bodies.
• In the buffalo the paranasal sinuses were four, the frontal sinus, the lacrimal sinus, the maxillary sinus and the palatine sinus while the sphenoid sinus was absent.
• In the camel the paranasal sinuses were four sinuses, the frontal sinus, the lacrimal sinus, the sphenoid sinus and the maxillary sinus while the palatine sinus was absent.
• In the donkey the paranasal sinuses were four sinuses the maxillary, the frontal, the sphenoid and the palatine sinuses while the lacrimal sinus was absent.
• Maxillary sinus in buffalo and camel was a single sinus had no partition, while in donkey it divided unequally by an oblique septum into rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses, that septum was absent in about 20% of donkey heads.
• In buffalo the frontal sinus was divided into large caudal frontal sinuses and smaller rostral frontal sinuses, the latter divided into medial, intermediate and lateral sinuses. The caudal frontal sinuses were divided by incomplete oblique septum into large caudolateral and small rostromedial parts.
• In donkey the frontal sinus was divided into rostral and caudal parts by an oblique septum. The caudal part divided into medial and lateral compartments by an oblique septum. In camel it divided into medial and lateral parts.
• The nasal cavity in the buffalo, camel and donkey was differentiated histologically into: nasal vestibule, proper respiratory region and an olfactory region .There was a transitional zone between the vestibular and the respiratory parts.
• In the buffalo and donkey both sweat and sebaceous glands were found in the dermis of nasal vestibule. While in the camel sweat glands were not found.
• In the camel sebaceous glands were found adjoining neck of hair follicles one for each side.
• In the buffalo, camel and donkey the vomeronasal organ was contained the vomeronasal duct, vomeronasal cartilage, and vomeronasal glands
• In the buffalo and the camel the vomeronasal cartilage was hyaline cartilage while that of the donkey was elastic in type.
• The laryngeal cartilages in the buffalo, the camel and the donkey was consisted of three single cartilages: the thyroid, the cricoid and the epiglottis, and two paired cartilages: the arytenoid and the corniculate.
• The cuneiform cartilages were a paired cartilages present only in the larynx of the donkey.
• In the donkey M.thyroarytenoideus was divided into two parts, a rostral part M.ventricularis and a caudal part M.vocalis. In the buffalo and camel M.thyroarytenoideus was undivided.
• In the buffalo and the donkey the aditus laryngis was oval in shape and triangular in shape in the camel.
• The laryngeal ventricle was present in the camel and donkey while in the buffalo it was absent.
• In the buffalo, the camel and the donkey the median laryngeal recess was located in the midline at base of epiglottis. In the donkey there were two orifices on both sides of median laryngeal recess which leaded to expanded pouches.
• In the camel and donkey the vestibular and vocal folds were present, while in the buffalo the vestibular fold was absent.
• In the donkey the vestibular fold enclosed the vestibularis muscle and the vestibular ligament. In the camel it was in the form of a mucosal relief enclosed only a part of the thyroarytenoideus muscle and the vestibular ligament.
• In the buffalo, camel and donkey the laryngeal epithelium of aditus laryngis, greater part of epiglottis and vocal folds was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.The remained parts of laryngeal epithelium from base of epiglottis and entire parts caudal to vocal folds were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells.
• In the buffalo and donkey the laryngeal glands of lamina propria were of mixed types. While in the camel it was mucous secreting glands.
• In the camel, the laryngeal glands were scares except at the base of epiglottis where it has a characteristic arrangement as it appeared as lobules separated from each other by connective tissue rich in fat cells.
• In the buffalo, camel and donkey thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages were hyaline in type .While the epiglottis, cuniform and corniculate cartilages and vocal process of arytenoid cartilage were elastic in type.