الفهرس 
Pathophysiology of autoimmune diseasesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
It was known that the mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease are diverse and incompletely understood. The rules and restrictions governing ordinary immune responses seem to apply to autoimmune responses; antigen is required to initiate responses. Production of and response to cytokines and other mediators are similar to what is seen for responses to exogenous antigens, and T and B cells probably collaborate in MHC-restricted fashion.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic inflammatory polyarthritis of worldwide distribution. In addition to pain and loss of mobility of joints, patients frequently develop systemic manifestations. The management of the patient with RA is directed at preserving joint integrity and function as well as preventing extra-articular manifestations
SLE is a multisystem disorder most frequently affecting young women. Arthritis, skin rash, CNS dysfunction, and renal disease are the most common clinical manifestations. The severity of illness has a remarkable tendency to fluctuate over time, confounding studies of drug treatment. Long-term survival is the rule, although there remains considerable morbidity and mortality, chiefly from renal disease.
The susceptibility of the vascular system to injury from deposition within vessel walls of immune complexes or from intravascular cell-mediated lesions is the basis of a large group of vasculitic disorders with multiple manifestations that depend on the severity of involvement and the nature of the affected blood vessel.
This lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorder occurs in a primary form, Patients develop infiltration of exocrine glands, mostly salivary and lacrimal glands, Lymphocyte infiltration may extend beyond the exocrine glands to involve lungs, liver, and other viscera
Scleroderma is characterized by marked vascular abnormalities, the most dramatic of which is the episodic reduction in peripheral arterial perfusion known as Raynaud’s phenomenon. Impairment of circulation can lead to pain, infections, and frequent ischemic amputation of the distal fingertips. Patients with the severe form of scleroderma known as progressive systemic sclerosis develop serious injury to the skin, kidney, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Unfortunately Therapy is usually ineffective.
Because autoimmune rheumatic diseases are multisystem diseases and the clinical manifestations are so diverse, individualized preoperative evaluation is important in the identification of systemic effects.
The choice of anaesthetic technique is related to the procedure to be performed and the skill and knowledge of the anaesthist with any given procedure, since no specific technique has no advantages over any other. But some systems should be taken in concern as cardiovascular system, respiratory. Hematopoietic and renal system.