الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Biomarkers are one such tool to better identify high-risk individuals, to diagnose disease conditions promptly and accurately, and to effectively prognosticate and treat patients with cardiovascular diseases.
1- Biomarkers in coronary heart diseases: Troponine or CKMB are the gold standard biochemical markers to diagnose the ACS. Other biomarkers such as myoglobin, markers of left ventricular performance (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) and inflammation (e.g. C-reactive protein) are generally recognized as risk indicators. Several other biomarkers with variable sensitivity and specificity have been investigated, including: myeloperoxidase (MPO), ischemia modified albumin (IMA), and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15).
2-Biomarkers in heart failure: Early diagnosis of HF depends on the availability of specific, accurate, and effective markers of disease such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), adrenomedullin,ST2, Cardiac troponins, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Galectin-3 and others.
3-Biomarkers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, TNF-α, Plasma sFas-L level, Plasma vWf, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and others.
4-Biomarkers in hypertension: C-reactive protein (CRP), PAI-1, Urinary albumin, serum aldosterone and renin.
5-Biomarkers in atherosclerosis: C-reactive protein (CRP), Fibrinogen, white blood cell count, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α and others.
6-Biomarkers in myocarditis: Cardiac troponin I, serum levels of Fas ligand and interleukin-10.