الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes in pregnancy, either Gestational (GDM) or pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM), is linked to several maternal and fetal/neonatal complications. These include pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, operative delivery, fetal macrosomia, neonatal asphyxia, birth trauma, respiratory distress, prematurity, and congenital defects.
In women with type 1 DM who are poorly controlled at the time of conception and during the early weeks of gestation, the incidence of spontaneous abortion and major congenital malformations are increased. These anomalies can be prevented by tight control of maternal glycemia before gestation and during the early weeks of pregnancy