الفهرس 
Axillary lymph node: overeview
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Abstract
Axillary lymph node (LN) involvement is the most important independent prognostic factor for breast cancer. Postoperative adjuvant systemic therapy is regularly indicated for patients with positive axillary LN metastasis.
Until recently, axillary LN dissection (ALND) has been the standard surgical procedure to determine the axillary LN staging for this type of patient. However, early and long-term complications such as seroma formation, sensory changes, lymphedema and chronic pain, have been observed frequently in the ipsilateral arm of patients with ALND.
Lately, sentinel LN biopsy (SLNB) has been widely adopted in the axillary staging for clinical node-negative breast cancer patients and it has been generally accepted that the status of the SLN is able to accurately predict the histopathologic status of the regional lymphatic basin.
Videoscopic-assisted axillary lymph node dissection is a precise, gentle, and safe alternative to lymphadenectomy performed via a standard axillary incision,it takes 10 to 20 minutes longer than the standard approach with better visualisation and magnification of the operative field and less postoperative complication.
Published data on axillary ultrasound have so far concentrated on morphological features associated with malignancy and the efficacy of percutaneous biopsy in staging the axilla whether the use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy or Core needle breast biopsy is the standard procedure and is available at most institutions in the United States.
Other radiological methods such as mammography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ,positron emission tomography (PET) scan have limited role in staging axillary lymph node which depend on morphological changes of the LN.