الفهرس 
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Abstract
Spine is a very complex mechanical structure that is highly flexible, very strong and stable. The primary function of the spine is to protect the spinal cord, provide a structural support and balance for upright posture.
Spinal (subarachnoid or intrathecal) anesthesia is generally regarded as one of the most reliable technique of regional block methods. Two conditions are necessary to produce spinal anesthesia: puncture of the dura mater and subarachnoid injection of an anesthetic agent.
The principal site of action of spinal block is the nerve root in the subarachnoid space which produce dense sensory and motor blockade via blocking the voltage gated sodium channels.
Local anesthetics block the conduction of impulses in electrically excitable tissues. One of the important uses of local anesthetics is to provide anesthesia and analgesia by blocking the transmission
Block failure is usually aescribed to one of three aspects: clinical technique, inexperience of the unsupervised trainee and failure to appreciate the need for a meticulous approach.