الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 136 |  |  |
| | | from | 136 | | |
Abstract
iiABSTRACTThe progressive depletion and rising cost of high quality crudes has created a need for a way to inexpensively convert heavy crudes to pipelineable crude preferably in a way that will not make downstream processing steps more difficult.As world reserves of light, sweet crudes diminish and worldwide consumption of oil increases, refiners seek methods for extracting useful oils from heavier crude resources which have lower price. Such technology would augment the supply of available crude and would make it possible for refiners to blend such crude with more conventional feed for catalytic cracking and hydrocracking.Heavy crude oils face many difficulties during production, refining, and upgrading. The production of heavy oil is more costly than for conventional oil because the producing and upgrading of heavy oil, and extra-heavy oil, require considerable energy inputWorldwide deposits of heavy hydrocarbons are estimated to total almost 5.5 trillion barrels, and four-fifth of these deposits are in the Western Hemisphere on the other hand conventional crude oil reserves are estimated to 1 trillion barrels, and three-fifth of these crudes in the Middle East.The heavy crude oils usually contain considrable amounts of asphaltenes. The high asphaltene contents in the crude oils would decrese the efficiency of the refining processes. Moreever, the high distribution of hetero-atoms (e.g. sulfur and nitrogen) in the asphaltene causes some problems such as pollution, corrosion and catalyst poisining.