الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The mucosal surface of the human gastrointestinal tract is about 300 m2 and is colonized by 1013–1014 bacteria consisting of hundreds of different species. The composition of the Gram-negative, Gram-positive, aerobic, and anaerobic microbiota has been extensively studied by culturing methods, and shown to change at the various sites of the gastrointestinal tract.
Human studies have shown that obese and diabetic individuals have different gut micro-biota compositions than lean and nondiabetic individuals. Likewise, bariatric surgery was associated with altered gut micro¬biota. The composition of a gut’s microbiome may influence body weight by regulating fat storage, altering the ability of the intes¬tines to extract energy from food, and affecting satiety by modulat¬ing the levels of hormones that regulate appetite. developmental links have been found between gut microbiota and obesity.
Obesity is associated with metabolic alterations related to glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. Evidence have provided that gut microbiota participate in whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (and metabolic endotoxemia) are defined as a factor involved in the onset and progression of inflammation and metabolic diseases.
This essay portrays modulators that influence the composition of the gut microbiota. It also described how the specific changes in gut microbiota
affect metabolism and how these findings could be translated into novel therapeutic pathways for obesity and T2DM.
this essay also described how the composition of the gut microbiota changes in response to modulating factors. The influence of short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics and microbial transplantation is discussed from studies using animal and human models. Ultimately, we aim to translate these findings into therapeutic pathways for obesity and T2DM in humans.
Also in this essay new methods in detection of gut microbiota such as polymerase chain reaction ,qPCR , Gradient electrophoresis, Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, 454 pyrosequencing, microarray and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation, have been discussed.
The gut microbiota may be a major player in maintaining human metabolism homeostasis. Although interest in humans has only recently developed, it becomes clear that we first need to unravel the underlying mechanisms in the causality of human obesity and T2DM in order to know how to influence these gut microbiota-driven processes. Despite our increasing knowledge on genetic pathways underlying human obesity and T2DM, specific data on the human gut microbiome are scarce. In this essay, we tried to answer which potential gut microbiota-driven pathways would be worth to study in humans and could render novel treatment options in the near future.