الفهرس 
Introduction
Postoperative hypoxemiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are a major contributor to the overall risk of surgery, morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and increased cost of care.
The definition of PPCs is unexpected respiratory disease that appears up to 30 days after surgery, changing the patient’s clinical status and making therapeutic intervention necessary.
There must be an understanding of patient conditions that increase the risk of developing PPCs and of effective interventions available to reduce the impact of pre-existing patient’s conditions on the subsequent development of PPCs.
Patient related risk factors for PPCs include patient’s general health, nutritional, fluid, immune status, obesity, underlying chronic respiratory disease, history of cigarette smoking, and advanced age while procedure related risk factors either these are surgery related, anaesthesia related or related to postoperative care.
Examples of PPCsare Postoperative respiratory failure, atelectasis,Pneumonia, postoperative hypoxemia, aspiration pneumonia, DVT and pneumothorax.
There are multiple strategies to reduce risks of PPCs including preoperative strategies as Smoking cessation, treatment of patients with chronic pulmonary disease and inspiratory muscle trainingalso intraoperative strategies including choice of Anesthesia,ventilatory management and techniquesfor surgical intervention.
Finally postoperative strategies including Lung-Expansion Maneuvers as incentive spirometry and CPAP, Use nasogastric tubes selectively,Postoperative pain control and Prevention of postoperative pulmonary embolism by use of LDUH and LMWH.