الفهرس 
Introduction
Complications of flexible ureteroscopy in children:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Flexible ureteroscopy has revolutionized the endourological diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the upper urinary tract.
The treatment options recommended by the European Association of Urology guidelines for multiple intrarenal stones are ESWL or PNL. An alternative way could be proposed to use the F-URS instead of the PNL aiming to use a less invasive approach with a very low complication rate.
The downsizing of the F-URS from 13F to 7.5F, progression from passive to active deflection, and miniaturization of working instruments for lithotripsy and stone retrieval have improved greatly the success rate for ureteroscopic removal of upper urinary tract stones. Today as much as 69 to 97% of ureteral stones and many types of renal stones can be treated with F-URS and intracorporeal lithotripsy.
The F-URS also offers an alternative way for the management of patients with renal calculi in anomalous kidneys that is difficult to be treated with the ESWL and is of particular value in obese patients or those with a bleeding diathesis, where the alternatives of ESWL or PNL are less suitable. Flexible URS can also be used as a salvage procedure for residual stones, both after ESWL and after PNL.
The new technology has expanded the application of URS beyond urolithiasis to include numerous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for the entire urinary tract with regard to upper tract radiolucent lesions, obstruction, essential lateralizing hematuria and documented superficial upper tract urothelial tumors.
The F-URS can provide a great contribution to the follow up of the patients with urothelial tumors in conjunction with cytology of both lower and ipsilateral upper tracts and surveillance every 3 months for the first year can be done as an outpatient procedure, especially if the initial tumor is of high grade.
Experience with ureteroscopic and percutaneous techniques enable full access to the reconstructed urinary tract and add to the field of therapeutic options in the management of upper tract recurrence following cystectomy and urinary diversion.
The degree of accuracy in diagnosis and complete visualization of the entire intrarenal collecting system have continued to improve with experience and development of the newer, smaller, actively deflectable and more durable flexible ureteroscopes.
Technological changes can be anticipated within the next decade, improving the ability to treat the more complicated upper urinary tract problems in a minimally invasive fashion with low rate of complications, short hospital stay and early return to pre-procedure activity levels.