الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study described the normal ultrasonographic appearance of gastrointestinal tract in cows and buffaloes as well as the ultrasonographic appearance of some gastrointestinal tract disorders.
The study was applied on a total number of 89 cows and 64 buffaloes including normal animals and others suffering from different gastrointestinal disorders. Fourty one cows were examined in the large animal clinic (Obihiro University for agriculture and veterinary medicine) Obihiro- Hokkaido, Japan at the period from December 2010 to May 2011and 48 cows and 64 buffaloes were examined in Mansoura Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt during the period of this study from September 2008 to December 2010 and from June 2011 to September 2012.
Normal ultrasonographic appearance of reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small and large intestine was evaluated in 30 cows and 30 buffaloes while diagnosis of GIT disorders was achieved through ultrasonography in 50 cows and 34 buffaloes and through fluoroscopic examination in 9 cows.
Ultrasonographic findings in cows and buffaloes with traumatic reticuloperitonitis revealed reduction in the normal amplitude and frequency of reticular contraction with presence of inflammatory changes represented as echogenic deposits usually cavitated with hypoechoic center and peritoneal effusions observed at the reticular area and sometimes extended caudally to the ruminal wall and spleen.
Real time X ray fluoroscopy was performed in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and pericarditis. Foreign bodies either attached with magnet or penetrating the reticulum in different directions in association with gas inclusions that appeared as white shadow around the tips of the foreign bodies were recorded.
Reticulomasal obstruction was also diagnosed by fluoroscopic examination in a cow where reticulomasal orifice was occluded by three pieces of ropes that appeared as a large black shadow which obscures the reticular contour.
The overall interpretation of our results revealed that the use of ultrasonography and fluoroscopy as a non-invasive diagnostic tool make it possible to reach diagnosis in most cases of gastrointestinal disturbances and can replace exploratory laparotomy which should be used as a last diagnostic resort and as a therapeutic intervention.