الفهرس 
Hematopoietic Stem Cell TransplantationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) refers to any procedure where HSCT of any donor type and any source are given to a recipient with the intention of repopulating and replacing the hemopoietic system in total or in part. Stem cells can be derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood or cord blood. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) as a treatment for diseases has been attempted sporadically since the late nineteenth century. Many of the early applications involved feeding or injection of BM into patients with a variety of ailments, such as a several types of anemia, leukemia and chlorosis bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) has been described as both intensive investigational therapy for end-stage disease and as standard curative treatment for some malignant and non-malignant condition. There are three major types of BMT, syngeneic, allogeneic and autolougs, so named to indicate the source of healthy marrow that is obtained and then transplanted into the patient,Patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation are highly susceptible for acquisition and reactivation of infectious diseases. A variety of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa can induce potentially lethal disease during distinct phases of transplantation. The susceptibility of the host for infections is influenced by the underlying disease including preceding courses of antineoplastic therapy, the intensity and compound of conditioning therapy, and the degree of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-conformity between stem cell donor and recipient. Furthermore, intensity and duration of Graft- versus- host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis and the manifestation of (GvHD) contribute substantially to susceptibility for severe infections. In the past decade, modifications in HSCT management and supportive care have resulted in changes in recommendations for the prevention of infection in HSCT patients. These changes are fueled by new antimicrobial agents, increased knowledge of immune reconstitution, and expanded conditioning regimens and patient populations eligible for HSCT. Despite these advances, infection is reported as the primary cause of death in 8% of autologous HCT patients and 17% to 20% of allergenic HCT recipients Susceptibility to infection has posed one of the most formidable challenges in the clinical management of patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) from the earliest days of this treatment.
A variety of advances in infection control have permitted major strides in the supportive care of transplant recipients, and these have translated into improved outcomes. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious syndromes, introduction of new antimicrobial agents, adoption of empirical antibiotics during aplasia before engraftment, development of novel strategies to prevent and treat infections, and recognition of the contributory role of infectious pathogens to the morbidity of other transplant complications, especially graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), have all been responsible for improved survival rates