الفهرس 
AntioxidantsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of this work is the valuate revaluation the fungicidal activity of many local alternatives against certain post harvest fungi mealy A.niger, P.talcum and P.digitatum that attack orange and onion under laboratory conditions.
The physico-chemical properties of the promising alternatives that showed considerable fungicidal activity against tested fungi were studied to prepare it in a suitable formulation. The prepared formulation that showed physic chemical properties compatible with the specification of the world organizations (WHO, CIPA and ASTM) were evaluated under laboratory conditions to determine the role of formulation on alternative effectiveness. The prepared formulation that showed fungicidal activity higher than the active ingredients were evaluated protective agents post harvest fungi on orange and onion under open storage conditions. Also the effect of prepared formulations on the chemical composition of treated orange on onion under open storage conditions was studded.
1- preliminary screening of some local alternative products against tested fungi:
Five groups of local alternative products were chosen to study their fungicidal activity against tested fungi through food poison technique with one concentrate under laboratory conditions. These groups were fixed oils volatile oils, plant extracts, non organic salts and antioxidant compounds. The obtained data showed that sodium carbonate and bicarbonate were the most effective salts within the non organic salts groups against all tested fungi it recorded 100% inhibition at all exposure periods.
Also the same indication was noticed in case of potassium carbonate against p.digitatum and A.niger and potassium bicarbonate against A.niger cinnamic acid and benzoic acid showed a complete inhibition effect against p.digitatum and p.italicum at all exposure periods. While the same indication was noticed against p.digitatum in case of salicylic acid.
Peppermint and clove oils caused 100% inhibition against all tested fungi and this effect was continuous through all exposure periods. Hexane and acetonitral Euphorbia poplus extracts showed 100% inhibition effect against all tested fungi at all exposure periods. The some indication was noticed against p.digitatum and p.italicum only in case of methylene chloride extract. The effect all tested fixed oil were between slight or no activaty effect
2- Ldp lines of candidate alternative against tested fungi under laboratory conditions:
The relation ship between different concentrations of alternative candidate and their inhibition percentages on tested fungi were studied to compare between their effectiveness. Generally no relationship was found between high concentration of all candidate salts and their percentages of inhibition that were 100% at all exposure periods against all tested fungi whereas there were a positive relationship found between low tested concentrations of there salts and their inhibition percentages at all exposure periods. On the other hand the percentages of inhibition at low concentrations recorded the higest values at 48 hours and decreased gradually with the increase of exposure periods to record the lowest values at 144 hours. According to EC50 values sodium carbonate was the most effective salt against A.niger and p.digitatum, whereas potassium bicarbonate was the most effective salt against p.italicum.
Both salicylic and cinnamic acid showed complete inhibition at 12mg/ml whereas the regration coefficient of tested concentration and their inhibition percentages was started from 0.6 mg/ml in case of salicylic acid and from 9.6 mg/ml in case of cinnamic acid depending on EC50 values.
Cinnamic acid was more effective against p.italicum than p.digitatum. whereas salicylic acid was more effective against p.digitatum than cinnimic acid.
Clenerally clove oil was more effective against tested fungi than peppermint oil on the other hand clove oil showed complete inhibition until 6mg/ml, 9mg/ml and 3mg/ml at all incubation periods against A.niger, p.digitatum and p.italicum respectively, under above concentrations a positive relationship was found between tested concentrations and their inhibition percentages, also the inhibition percentages decreased with increasing the incubation periods. According to EC50 values clove oil was more effective against A.niger than p.italicum.
Preparation of alternative candidate in suitable formulation:
Depending on bioassay under laboratory conditions sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, clove, peppermint, and salicylic acid were considered as alternative candidate against tested fungi and prepared in suitable formulations as follows:
(1) Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate potassium carbonate and potassium carbonate were prepared as soluble powder formulations; also sodium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate were prepared as dustable powder.
(2) Clove, peppermint and salicylic acid were prepared as emulsifiabie concentrates.
The physico-chemical properties of active ingredient, surface active agent, locally prepared formulation and their spray solutions were studied. All prepared formulations passed successfully the physico-chemical properties and were compatible with WHO specifications.
Evaluation of local formulations in the protection of summer orange from p.italicum and onion from A.niger under open storage conditions at different exposure periods.
Potassium bicarbonate as dustable powder formulation and salicylic acid as EC10% was used as protective agents against P.talucum under open storage condition for 30 days whereas sodium carbonate as dustable powder formulation and clove as EC 45% were used as a protective agents against A.niger in case of onion under open storage conditions for 180 days.
Generally all tested formulations protected orange and onion against tested fungi.
Potassium bicarbonate decreased the infection percentage in case of orange from 60% in control to 20 and 30% when orange was treated with 20 and 10% respectively.
On the other hand the infection percentage decreased from 40% in control at 14 days and 60% at 30 days to 20% and 30% respectively in case of orange treated with 2.96 mg/ml salicylic acid. Also it decreased to 30% at 14 days and 40% at 30 days when orange was treated with the same formulation at 1.48 mg/ml.
Sodium carbonate as dustable powder formulation caused 34% and 10% and 10%, 20%, 20% respect protection at 180 days to onion treated with as compared with control whereas clove EC145 caused 21.9% protection after 180 days from treatment with onion treated at 20.9 mg/ml and 10.4 mg/ml concentration.
Effect of local formulation on chemical composition of orange and onion under open storage condition:-
The effect of local formulations that passed successufully through physico-chemical properties tests and showed fungicidal activity on chemical composition of orange and onion were studied. The content of ash, protein, free amino acids, carbohydrates, glucose, phenols, vitamin C, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus in orange and onion were determined.
(1) The effect of Dustable powder formulation of potassium bicarbonate on orange:-
- Showed significant decrease in moisture at 30 days when treated with 20%
- Showed significant decrease in amino acids at all exposure periods with 10% and significant decrease at 14, 30 days when treated with 20%
- Showed significant decrease in protein at zero and 14 days when treated with 10 and 20%.
- Showed significant decrease in carbohydrate at 14 and 30 days when treated with 10% and 20%.
- Showed significant decrease in glucose when it was treated with 10 and 20% at all exposure periods.
- Showed insignificant decrease in vitamin C at all exposure periods when treated with 10 and 20%
- Showed significant decrease in phenols at all exposure periods when treated with 10 and 20%
- Showed insignificant decrease in all tested minerals at all exposure periods when treated with 10 , 20% except for orange treated with 20% at zero time in case of magnesium, orange treated with 10% at 14 days in case of calcium orange that treated with 10% at zero time in case of phosphorus all these cases caused high significant decrease.
Emulsifiable concentrate of salicylic acid:
- Showed nonsignificant decrease of moisture all exposure periods when orange was treated with 1.48 mg/ml and 2.96mg/ml.
- Showed high signficant decrease in protein when treated with 1.48 mg/ml at zero and 14 days and when treated with 2.96 mg/ml at 14 days.
- Showed high significant decrease in amino acids when treated with 1.48 mg/ml at all exposure periods and at 30 days only when treated with 2.96mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in carbohydrate at 30 day when treated with 1.48 and at 14 days when treated with 2.96
- Showed high significant decrease in glucose at zero and 30 days when treated with 1.48 mg/ml and at 30 days only when treated with 2.96 mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in vitamin C at zero and 14 days when treated with both tested concentration.
- Showed high significant decrease in phenols at 30 days when treated with 1.48 mg/ml and at all exposure periods when treated with 2.96 mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in phosphorus at 30 days when treated with 2.96mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in calcium at zero and 14 days when treated with both tested concentrations.
- Showed high significant decrease in magnesium at 30 days when treated with 1.48 whereas it showed the same indication at zero and 14 days when treated with 2.96 mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in potassium at 14 days when treated with 2.96 mg/ml
Effect of dustable powder formulation of sodium carbonate on onion:
- showed high significant decrease in moisture at 30 days when treated with 10%
- Showed non significant decrease in carbohydrates at all exposure periods with both tested concentration
- Showed high significant decrease in glucose at zero time when treated with 10%
- Showed high significant decrease in amino acid at 30 days when treated with 10%
- Showed high significant decrease in protein at 30 days when treated with 10%
- Showed high significant decrease in phenols at 30 days , 180 days when treated with 10% and all exposure periods when treated with 20%
- Showed significant decrease in phosphorus at 180 days when treated with 20%
- Showed high significant decrease in magnesium when at 30 and 180 days when it treated with 10% and at 180 days when it treated with 20%
- Showed non significant in crease in calcium at 30 , 180 days when it treated with 10% and all exposure periods when it treated with 20%
- Showed non significant increase in potassium at zero and 180 days when it treated with 10% and at 180 days when it treated with 20%
Effect of clove EC on onion:
- Showed non significant increase in a moisture at zero time when it treated with both tested concentration
- Showed high significant decrease in carbohydrates at all exposure periods when it treated with 10.4 mg/ml and at zero time when it treated with 20.9 mg/ml
- Showed non significant decease in glucose at all exposure periods when it treated with 10.4mg/ml and at 30 and 180 days when it treated with 20.9 mg/ml.
- Showed high significant decrease in protein at 30 and 180 days when it treated with both tested concentration
- Showed high significant decrease in amino acid at all exposure periods when it treated with 20.9 mg/ml and at zero and 30 days when it treated with 10.4 mg/ml
- Showed high significant decrease in phenols when at all exposure periods when it treated with both tested concentration
- Showed high significant decrease in magnesium at 180 days when it treated with 20.9 mg/ml
- Showed high significant decrease in calcium at zero and 30 days when it treated with 10.4 mg/ml
- Showed non significant increase in potassium at 180 days when iterated with both tested concentrates
- Showed high significant decrease in phosphorus at 30 days when it treated with 10.4 mg/ml where as it recorded non significant in crease at 180 days when it treated with both tested concentration.