الفهرس 
Physiology OF Cardiac OutputOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Low cardiac output syndrome is defined as that the pathophysiological state in which the cardiac output is not sufficient to maintain blood flow to meet metabolic needs of the body.
The anaesthetic approach for patients with low cardiac output mandates a complete knowledge of the etiology, manifestations, consequences of the disease, and relative anatomical considerations.
Aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, and cardiac tamponade are the major causes contribute to low fixed cardiac output states.
Grading the severity of stenosis in stenotic lesions, and the degree of myocardial impairment is mandatory to assess the degree of decompansation.
Careful preoperative assessment include the degree of the lesion, and its effect upon general condition of the patient, more over the association with medical diseases such as diabetes mellitus, renal impairment, pulmonary diseases, have lead to better understanding of anaesthetic plan to be tailored for individual patients.
Intraoperative management requires proper understanding of the lesion and its effect on hemodynamic. Hence echocardiography has been considered of the outmost importance not only to assess the myocardial performance, but also to detect the postoperative consequences.
General guide lines for anaesthetic management for these patients have included the preservation of stable hemodynamics for proper organ perfusion via administration of cardio stable drugs, and titration of inhalational anaesthetics, more over intraoperative monitoring had been the corner stone for these patients for meticulous moment to moment control of hemodynamics and early effective intervention.
Careful postoperative monitoring and assessment is important for early detection of complication.