الفهرس 
PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD CELLSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Blood transfusion has been the solution for many
disorders that affect the integrity of the circulatory system
as well as the respiratory system in the way that includes
oxygen carriage and delivery to tissues. Blood transfusion
unfortunately has many drawbacks and complications e.g.:
may be unavailable during crisis and emergency situations,
non-compatible blood can cause serious reactions, carries
the risk of contamination and spreading dangerous
illnesses. Due to these disadvantages and the already low
supplies of fresh blood and the costs and efforts done to
screen and prepare safe blood, scientists and researchers
worldwide have been trying to produce substances that can
perform the different functions of blood and these
substances have to be safer, more plentiful, available and if
possible cheaper than regular blood or blood components.
Generally, these products are called blood
substitutes.These products have undergone a lot of
development and available products are classified into:
perfluorocarbon emulsions, hemoglobin based oxygen
carriers.
Summary
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Perfluorocarbons emulsions are completely synthetic
inert products and are mainly classified into first and
second generations. Hemoglobin based oxygen carriers use
modified hemoglobin, conjugated hemoglobin,
polymerized hemoglobin or encapsulated hemoglobin as
the oxygen carrier.
White blood cells however don’t have a substitute
yet, except growth factors like: G-CSF (Granulocyte colony
stimulating factor) that stimulate their production and
maturation. G-CSF stimulates the production of white
blood cells. In oncology and hematology,
a recombinant form of G-CSF is used with certain cancer
patients to accelerate recovery from neutropenia after
chemotherapy. Further studies are currently underway for
this exciting new class of drugs. The use of recombinant
myeloid colony stimulating factors (CSF) such as G-CSF
has also improved care of patients with severe leucopenia,
allowing for increased production of endogenous myeloid
cells.
Platelet substitutes are also available to restore
platelet count and function in thrombocytopenic and
thrombocytopathic patients. These substitutes are either
fully synthetic or derived from outdated or modified
platelets
Summary
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Platelet substitutes include: fibrinogen-coated
albumin microcapsules (FAMs), infusible platelet
membranes which are produced from outdated human
platelets, red cells with surface-bound fibrinogen,
lyophilized human platelets, freeze dried platelets, platelet
derived microparticles, factor Xa with phospholipid
vesicles and platelet growth factors.