الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the role of nitric oxide, angiotensin converting enzyme and free radicals in the development of hepatorenal syndrome which was induced by common bile duct ligation of male albino rats for six weeks. This study is also aimed to study the possible protective effects of aminoguanidine, enalapril, L-NAME and aqueous garlic extract.
The results obtained can be summarized as follow:
1. Sham operation induced a significant elevation in the activity of serum ALT, AST, LDH, ACE, urea and creatinine levels, in liver TNF-α and MMP-13 gene expression, in liver MPO activity and in liver MDA and NO compared to control group. On the other hand, it induced a significant decrease in liver GSH compared to control group. It produced no significant difference in the serum level of total bilirubin and in liver TGFβ-1 gene expression compared to control group. The method of anesthesia can influence metabolic and functional parameters associated with surgical procedures.
2. Ligation of the common bile duct of normal rats induced a significant elevation in the serum activity of ALT, AST, LDH, ACE, total bilirubin, urea and creatinine levels, in liver TNF-α, TGFβ-1 and MMP-13 gene expression, in liver content of MDA and NO and in liver MPO activity compared to sham group. On the other hand, it induced a significant decrease in liver GSH compared to sham group.
3. Treatment of rats with enalapril (5 mg/kg, orally) for six weeks after BDL produced a significant reduction in the activity of serum ALT, AST, LDH, ACE, in the serum level of total bilirubin, urea and creatinine, in liver TNF-α, TGFβ-1, MMP-13 gene expression and in liver content of MDA compared to BDL group. On the other hand, it induced a significant increase in the content of liver GSH compared to BDL group. It produced no significant decrease in liver MPO activity compared to BDL group.
4. Treatment of rats with aqueous garlic extract (250 mg/kg, orally) for six weeks after BDL produced a significant reduction in the activity of serum ALT, AST, LDH and ACE, in the serum level of total bilirubin, urea and creatinine, in liver TNF-α gene expression, in liver MPO activity and in liver MDA content compared to BDL group. On the other hand, it induced a significant increase in the content of liver GSH compared to BDL group. It produced no significant decrease in liver TGFβ-1 and MMP-13 gene expression compared to BDL group.
5. Treatment of rats with L-NAME (2 mg/kg, orally) for six weeks after BDL produced a significant increase in the activity of serum ALT, AST and in the serum level of total bilirubin and urea compared to BDL group. It produced a significant reduction in the activity of serum LDH, in the liver TNF-α gene expression and in liver NO content compared to BDL group. It produced no significant reduction in serum level of creatinine, in liver TGFβ-1 and MMP-13 gene expression, in liver content of MDA and in liver MPO activity compared to BDL group. It had no significant effect on liver GSH compared to BDL group.
6. Treatment of rats with aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg, orally) for six weeks after BDL produced a significant reduction in the activity of serum ALT, AST and LDH. It also reduced serum level of total bilirubin, urea and creatinine, liver content of MDA and NO and liver TNF-α gene expression compared to BDL group. On the other hand, it induced a significant increase in the content of liver GSH compared to BDL group. It produced no significant decrease in liver TGFβ-1 and MMP-13 gene expression and in liver MPO activity compared to BDL group.