الفهرس 
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Abstract
Recent studies have focused on the preventive and curative effects of herbs of labiatae family as oregano. The present study aimed to compare the modulatory effects of two different preparations of the Egyptian marjoram, marjoram leaves suspension (MLS) and marjoram leaves aqueous extract (MLE), with two different doses (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) of marjoram (Origanum majorana) leaves on the experimentally induced myocardial infarction, immunosuppression and clastogenecity (by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide, respectively) in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the marjoram leaves preparations.
The results obtained here declared that low dose of MLS had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, spleen weight, spleen/body weight ratio, thymus weight, thymus/body weight ratio, heart weight, heart/body weight ratio and haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count) of healthy rats. Also, it did not affect serum and heart glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes activities (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, immunoglobulins (M and G), structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLS showed no harmful effects on all parameters listed above. Moreover, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) activities of healthy rats.
Also, the data revealed that treatment of healthy rats with low dose of MLE had no harmful effects on all parameters measured here in this study. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response and serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLE had no harmful effect on all parameters measured here in this study. On the other hand, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and immunoglobulin (G) of healthy rats.
Treatment of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, twice an interval 24hr) induced body weight loss and caused a significant increase in the heart weight, heart/body weight ratio, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, and clotting time), cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), MDA concentration and total and some of differential leucocytes count (lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) compared to the control group. Also, it induced a significant decrease in the serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, platelets count, blood indices (MCV and MCH), serum and heart antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and NO level compared to the control group. On the other hand, it did not affect serum oxidized glutathione.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, single dose at day 26) induced a significant decrease in the body weight, spleen and thymus weights, spleen/body weight and thymus/body weight ratios, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb and HCT), total and differential leucocytes count, immunoglobulins (M and G), serum glutathione system (total, GSH and reduced/oxidized ratio) and serum antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities compared to the control group. On the contrary, it induced a significant increase in MCH, MDA and NO levels compared to the control group.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w, single dose, intraperitoneal injection at day 29) induced clastogencity (chromosomal aberration) in the bone marrow cells and significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations, chromatid break, chromatid gap, chromatid deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, end to end association, fragment, ring chromosome, chromosome stickiness and all numerical aberrations and significantly decreased the mitotic index compared to the control group.
In the present thesis, high dose of MLE modulated most of the side effects induced by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide on body and organs (spleen, thymus and heart) weights, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count), serum and heart glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized and reduced/oxidized ratio) levels, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities, MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), immunoglobulins (M and G), cellular immune response, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index. Low dose of MLE and both doses of MLS modulated some of the adverse effects shown in myocardial infarcted, immunosuppressed and clastogenic rat-models but with lesser extent compared to the high dose of MLE.
In conclusion, MLE at 100 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune responses and decreasing the clastogenic effects as well as restoring many of physiological and biochemical functions in myocardial infarcted and immunosuppressed subjects.
SUMMARY
Recent studies have focused on the preventive and curative effects of herbs of labiatae family as oregano. The present study aimed to compare the modulatory effects of two different preparations of the Egyptian marjoram, marjoram leaves suspension (MLS) and marjoram leaves aqueous extract (MLE), with two different doses (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) of marjoram (Origanum majorana) leaves on the experimentally induced myocardial infarction, immunosuppression and clastogenecity (by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide, respectively) in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the marjoram leaves preparations.
The results obtained here declared that low dose of MLS had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, spleen weight, spleen/body weight ratio, thymus weight, thymus/body weight ratio, heart weight, heart/body weight ratio and haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count) of healthy rats. Also, it did not affect serum and heart glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes activities (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, immunoglobulins (M and G), structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLS showed no harmful effects on all parameters listed above. Moreover, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) activities of healthy rats.
Also, the data revealed that treatment of healthy rats with low dose of MLE had no harmful effects on all parameters measured here in this study. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response and serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLE had no harmful effect on all parameters measured here in this study. On the other hand, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and immunoglobulin (G) of healthy rats.
Treatment of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, twice an interval 24hr) induced body weight loss and caused a significant increase in the heart weight, heart/body weight ratio, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, and clotting time), cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), MDA concentration and total and some of differential leucocytes count (lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) compared to the control group. Also, it induced a significant decrease in the serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, platelets count, blood indices (MCV and MCH), serum and heart antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and NO level compared to the control group. On the other hand, it did not affect serum oxidized glutathione.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, single dose at day 26) induced a significant decrease in the body weight, spleen and thymus weights, spleen/body weight and thymus/body weight ratios, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb and HCT), total and differential leucocytes count, immunoglobulins (M and G), serum glutathione system (total, GSH and reduced/oxidized ratio) and serum antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities compared to the control group. On the contrary, it induced a significant increase in MCH, MDA and NO levels compared to the control group.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w, single dose, intraperitoneal injection at day 29) induced clastogencity (chromosomal aberration) in the bone marrow cells and significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations, chromatid break, chromatid gap, chromatid deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, end to end association, fragment, ring chromosome, chromosome stickiness and all numerical aberrations and significantly decreased the mitotic index compared to the control group.
In the present thesis, high dose of MLE modulated most of the side effects induced by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide on body and organs (spleen, thymus and heart) weights, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count), serum and heart glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized and reduced/oxidized ratio) levels, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities, MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), immunoglobulins (M and G), cellular immune response, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index. Low dose of MLE and both doses of MLS modulated some of the adverse effects shown in myocardial infarcted, immunosuppressed and clastogenic rat-models but with lesser extent compared to the high dose of MLE.
In conclusion, MLE at 100 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune responses and decreasing the clastogenic effects as well as restoring many of physiological and biochemical functions in myocardial infarcted and immunosuppressed subjects.
SUMMARY
Recent studies have focused on the preventive and curative effects of herbs of labiatae family as oregano. The present study aimed to compare the modulatory effects of two different preparations of the Egyptian marjoram, marjoram leaves suspension (MLS) and marjoram leaves aqueous extract (MLE), with two different doses (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) of marjoram (Origanum majorana) leaves on the experimentally induced myocardial infarction, immunosuppression and clastogenecity (by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide, respectively) in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the marjoram leaves preparations.
The results obtained here declared that low dose of MLS had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, spleen weight, spleen/body weight ratio, thymus weight, thymus/body weight ratio, heart weight, heart/body weight ratio and haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count) of healthy rats. Also, it did not affect serum and heart glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes activities (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, immunoglobulins (M and G), structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLS showed no harmful effects on all parameters listed above. Moreover, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) activities of healthy rats.
Also, the data revealed that treatment of healthy rats with low dose of MLE had no harmful effects on all parameters measured here in this study. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response and serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLE had no harmful effect on all parameters measured here in this study. On the other hand, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and immunoglobulin (G) of healthy rats.
Treatment of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, twice an interval 24hr) induced body weight loss and caused a significant increase in the heart weight, heart/body weight ratio, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, and clotting time), cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), MDA concentration and total and some of differential leucocytes count (lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) compared to the control group. Also, it induced a significant decrease in the serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, platelets count, blood indices (MCV and MCH), serum and heart antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and NO level compared to the control group. On the other hand, it did not affect serum oxidized glutathione.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, single dose at day 26) induced a significant decrease in the body weight, spleen and thymus weights, spleen/body weight and thymus/body weight ratios, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb and HCT), total and differential leucocytes count, immunoglobulins (M and G), serum glutathione system (total, GSH and reduced/oxidized ratio) and serum antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities compared to the control group. On the contrary, it induced a significant increase in MCH, MDA and NO levels compared to the control group.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w, single dose, intraperitoneal injection at day 29) induced clastogencity (chromosomal aberration) in the bone marrow cells and significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations, chromatid break, chromatid gap, chromatid deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, end to end association, fragment, ring chromosome, chromosome stickiness and all numerical aberrations and significantly decreased the mitotic index compared to the control group.
In the present thesis, high dose of MLE modulated most of the side effects induced by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide on body and organs (spleen, thymus and heart) weights, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count), serum and heart glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized and reduced/oxidized ratio) levels, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities, MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), immunoglobulins (M and G), cellular immune response, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index. Low dose of MLE and both doses of MLS modulated some of the adverse effects shown in myocardial infarcted, immunosuppressed and clastogenic rat-models but with lesser extent compared to the high dose of MLE.
In conclusion, MLE at 100 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune responses and decreasing the clastogenic effects as well as restoring many of physiological and biochemical functions in myocardial infarcted and immunosuppressed subjects.
SUMMARY
Recent studies have focused on the preventive and curative effects of herbs of labiatae family as oregano. The present study aimed to compare the modulatory effects of two different preparations of the Egyptian marjoram, marjoram leaves suspension (MLS) and marjoram leaves aqueous extract (MLE), with two different doses (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) of marjoram (Origanum majorana) leaves on the experimentally induced myocardial infarction, immunosuppression and clastogenecity (by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide, respectively) in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the marjoram leaves preparations.
The results obtained here declared that low dose of MLS had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, spleen weight, spleen/body weight ratio, thymus weight, thymus/body weight ratio, heart weight, heart/body weight ratio and haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count) of healthy rats. Also, it did not affect serum and heart glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes activities (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, immunoglobulins (M and G), structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLS showed no harmful effects on all parameters listed above. Moreover, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) activities of healthy rats.
Also, the data revealed that treatment of healthy rats with low dose of MLE had no harmful effects on all parameters measured here in this study. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response and serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLE had no harmful effect on all parameters measured here in this study. On the other hand, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and immunoglobulin (G) of healthy rats.
Treatment of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, twice an interval 24hr) induced body weight loss and caused a significant increase in the heart weight, heart/body weight ratio, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, and clotting time), cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), MDA concentration and total and some of differential leucocytes count (lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) compared to the control group. Also, it induced a significant decrease in the serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, platelets count, blood indices (MCV and MCH), serum and heart antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and NO level compared to the control group. On the other hand, it did not affect serum oxidized glutathione.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, single dose at day 26) induced a significant decrease in the body weight, spleen and thymus weights, spleen/body weight and thymus/body weight ratios, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb and HCT), total and differential leucocytes count, immunoglobulins (M and G), serum glutathione system (total, GSH and reduced/oxidized ratio) and serum antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities compared to the control group. On the contrary, it induced a significant increase in MCH, MDA and NO levels compared to the control group.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w, single dose, intraperitoneal injection at day 29) induced clastogencity (chromosomal aberration) in the bone marrow cells and significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations, chromatid break, chromatid gap, chromatid deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, end to end association, fragment, ring chromosome, chromosome stickiness and all numerical aberrations and significantly decreased the mitotic index compared to the control group.
In the present thesis, high dose of MLE modulated most of the side effects induced by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide on body and organs (spleen, thymus and heart) weights, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count), serum and heart glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized and reduced/oxidized ratio) levels, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities, MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), immunoglobulins (M and G), cellular immune response, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index. Low dose of MLE and both doses of MLS modulated some of the adverse effects shown in myocardial infarcted, immunosuppressed and clastogenic rat-models but with lesser extent compared to the high dose of MLE.
In conclusion, MLE at 100 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune responses and decreasing the clastogenic effects as well as restoring many of physiological and biochemical functions in myocardial infarcted and immunosuppressed subjects.
SUMMARY
Recent studies have focused on the preventive and curative effects of herbs of labiatae family as oregano. The present study aimed to compare the modulatory effects of two different preparations of the Egyptian marjoram, marjoram leaves suspension (MLS) and marjoram leaves aqueous extract (MLE), with two different doses (50 or 100 mg/kg b.w, administrated orally for 30 consecutive days) of marjoram (Origanum majorana) leaves on the experimentally induced myocardial infarction, immunosuppression and clastogenecity (by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide, respectively) in adult male Wistar albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). In addition, the study extended to detect any side effects for the marjoram leaves preparations.
The results obtained here declared that low dose of MLS had no harmful effects on the body weight gain, spleen weight, spleen/body weight ratio, thymus weight, thymus/body weight ratio, heart weight, heart/body weight ratio and haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count) of healthy rats. Also, it did not affect serum and heart glutathione system, antioxidant enzymes activities (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT), MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, immunoglobulins (M and G), structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLS showed no harmful effects on all parameters listed above. Moreover, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzymes (GST and GPx) activities of healthy rats.
Also, the data revealed that treatment of healthy rats with low dose of MLE had no harmful effects on all parameters measured here in this study. Moreover, it induced a significant increase in the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response and serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) of healthy rats. Treatment of healthy rats with high dose of MLE had no harmful effect on all parameters measured here in this study. On the other hand, it significantly increased the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and immunoglobulin (G) of healthy rats.
Treatment of rats with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, twice an interval 24hr) induced body weight loss and caused a significant increase in the heart weight, heart/body weight ratio, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, and clotting time), cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), MDA concentration and total and some of differential leucocytes count (lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils) compared to the control group. Also, it induced a significant decrease in the serum and heart total glutathione, GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio, platelets count, blood indices (MCV and MCH), serum and heart antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities and NO level compared to the control group. On the other hand, it did not affect serum oxidized glutathione.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg b.w, intraperitoneal injection, single dose at day 26) induced a significant decrease in the body weight, spleen and thymus weights, spleen/body weight and thymus/body weight ratios, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), cellular immune response, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb and HCT), total and differential leucocytes count, immunoglobulins (M and G), serum glutathione system (total, GSH and reduced/oxidized ratio) and serum antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities compared to the control group. On the contrary, it induced a significant increase in MCH, MDA and NO levels compared to the control group.
Treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg b.w, single dose, intraperitoneal injection at day 29) induced clastogencity (chromosomal aberration) in the bone marrow cells and significantly increased the total number of chromosomal aberrations, chromatid break, chromatid gap, chromatid deletion, centromeric attenuation, centric fusion, end to end association, fragment, ring chromosome, chromosome stickiness and all numerical aberrations and significantly decreased the mitotic index compared to the control group.
In the present thesis, high dose of MLE modulated most of the side effects induced by isoproterenol and cyclophosphamide on body and organs (spleen, thymus and heart) weights, haematological parameters (RBCs, Hb, HCT, blood indices, clotting time and platelets count), serum and heart glutathione (total, reduced, oxidized and reduced/oxidized ratio) levels, antioxidant enzymes (GST, GPx, SOD and CAT) activities, MDA concentration, NO level, serum cardiac marker enzymes (CPK, CPK-MB and LDH), transaminases (ALAT and ASAT), total and differential leucocytes count, the cellularity of lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), immunoglobulins (M and G), cellular immune response, structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations, chromosome stickiness and mitotic index. Low dose of MLE and both doses of MLS modulated some of the adverse effects shown in myocardial infarcted, immunosuppressed and clastogenic rat-models but with lesser extent compared to the high dose of MLE.
In conclusion, MLE at 100 mg/kg b.w may be beneficial in enhancing antioxidant activity, improving immune responses and decreasing the clastogenic effects as well as restoring many of physiological and biochemical functions in myocardial infarcted and immunosuppressed subjects.