الفهرس 
PHYSIOLOGY OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISMOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Hyperglycemia is frequently found in critically ill
patients even in the absence of diabetes and it is
associated with a poor prognosis. Over the short term,
hyperglycemia can adversely affect fluid balance and
immune function, and it can promote inflammation.
Hyperglycemia negatively affects many body systems,
including the cardiovascular (acute myocardial
ischemia, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias),
neuromuscular (polyneuropathy), immunologic
(immunosuppression, nosocomial infections) and
cerebral (ischemic stroke), and also impairs wound
healing.
Complication of both diabetes and critical illness
are explained by hyperglycemia and /or lack of insulin ,
but additional factors ( Hypoxia/ reperfusion, GLUT-1,
GLUT-3,inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),
cytokines, etc ) render both of these effects more acutely
toxic in critically ill patients.