الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1 -Introduction
Water pollution is considered to be one of the most dangerous hazards affecting :vot. Pollution in the Nile river system (main stem Nile, drains, and canals) has increased
few decades because of increases in population; several new irrigated agriculture zd other activities along the Nile W
the program to expand irrigated agriculture moves forward, the dilution capacity
rRiver system will diminish at the same time that the growth in industrial capacity
increase the volume of pollutants discharged to the Nile 2)
::-e Delta region the amount of agricultural drainage water reuse was estimated in
- be around 4.27 BCM in addition to about 0.3 BCM lifted to Rosetta branch from
- (3 4and5)
:rains
are number of reasons for the persistence of these problems, in spite of the of billions of dollars in safe water by donor agencies and governments. The rapid arowth, both in rural and urban areas, has stressed existing water supply system.
:ompanied by the sustainability of operation and maintenance of water supply nre that has hindered access to water by the poor in many developing countries.
tion is again aggravated by deterioration of the quality of water resources, to the direct industrial and municipal waste discharge rendering existing treatment
zbfective to meet the water quality standards, both on a national and WHO level (6)•
Jhemicals like aluminium and chlorine used in the treatment of water renders water
consequently, the poor are forced treatment processes used in removing such ri Ez.es are sometimes ineffective. In addition, the chlorine used at most water treatment
:s known to form chlorination by- products, which are believed to be carcinogenic (7)
Access to safe drinking water is important as a health and development issi national, regional and local level. In some regions, it has been shown that investments
water supply band sanitation can yield a net economic benefit, since the reductij adverse health effects and health care costs outweigh the costs of undertakin1 interventions (6 , 7)
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, followed by rapid gravity filtration, are the key steps in conventional water treatment systems. This is a well-j technology for the significant removal of colour and particulate matter including pro viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Iron, manganese, tastes and odours may al removed from the water by these processes. Coagulation and filtration are the most ci unit processes determining the success or failure of the whole treatment system. The units are so closely linked that the design of one affects the other (6,7)
Chemical coagulation in the water treatment is the process of bringing suspe matter in untreated water together for the purpose of settling and for the preparation i water for filtration. Typically, two major types of coagulants are added to water. Thes Aluminium salts and iron salts. The most common aluminium salt used in water treat plant is aluminium sulphate (7)
The present study is taken up for monitoring and identification sources of pollution in Mahmoudia and Khandak Canals in Egypt. The thesis also aims to studi effect of water canal quality on water treatment plants in Alexandria.
Ii. Aim Of The Study:
The objective of this study is to identify and characterize the sources of pollution Mahmoudia and Khandak Canals either directly or indirectly and their effect on the
treatment processes in Alexandria water plants