الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of abdominal wallOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The abdomen is the region of the trunk below the diaphragm and actually it constitutes its main part. Consequentially, its shape and size can alter under different conditions, such as varying degrees of distention of the contained hollow organ and the phases of respiration.
The abdominal wall is formed of skin, two layers of superficial fascia, three layers of muscles and their aponeurosis and a layer of fascia –the fascia transversalis –all overlying the peritoneum.
The ideal abdomen is formed by a proper relationship between the osteomuscular system, the subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the quantity of the overlying skin. This gives the aesthetic contour of prominences well visible by light reflexes, and depressions by shadows.
The term abdominoplasty covers a range of surgical procedures aiming at improving abdominal contour. In the past, operations on the abdominal wall reported at the turn of the century were aimed primarily at the relief of functional problems associated with hernias and large pendulous abdomens.
Although they were successful in treating excessive redundant skin and adipose tissue and in closing the muscular diastasis, these procedures had the disadvantage of a consistently lengthy incision. They have limited application for the less severe abdominal deformities confronting today’s patients. Abdominoplasty techniques are often combined and modified to accommodate individual anatomical variation
During the past decade, many combinations of operative techniques for abdominoplasty have evolved to suit the individual requirements of the patient. The purpose was to present a safe alternative to conventional abdominoplasty
Suction-assisted lipectomy, which can extend the areas amenable to treatment, has become an integral part of the routine surgical repertoire in abdominolipoplastic surgery. The combination of the liposuction with the abdominoplasty allows minimizing the discrepancy in thickness between the upper and the lower abdominal flaps as well as, suctioning other regions as the mons pubis, the wound margins, the lateral costal margin, flanks, and hips. Ultrasound has been used to facilitate liposuction.
The specialty of plastic surgery has witnessed an explosion of novel procedures with the advent of endoscopy. Surgeons are making aggressive attempts to reduce the length of scars and subsequent morbidity associated with traditional `open’ procedures. Endoscopic abdominoplasty has largely replaced traditional ”full open” techniques.
The term endoscopic abdominoplasty generally is used to describe a procedure in which elevation of an anterior abdominal skin fat flap and plication of the anterior rectus fascia is completed under endoscopic guidance through limited access incisions or portals. This is generally combined with various degree of liposuction, but little, if any, skin is resected. Although liposuction can be easily completed either before or after the endoscopic portion, it is better to suction at both times.
Although the complications of abdominoplasty do not occur frequently, they can have a severe impact. Sero-sanguinous liquid collection, infection, skin necrosis, suture reaction, hypertrophic scar, residual adiposity in the epigas¬trium, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary complications are potentially serious, but rare, complications of abdominoplasty.