الفهرس 
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Abstract
The incidence of urolithiasis in children is rising, especially in the
last decade, due to the geographical location, socio-economic conditions,
dietary habits and because the developing countries became more
westernized urolithiasis rate increased in them.
Children with urolithiasis should be evaluated rapidly to prevent their
destructive effects on the kidney.
Most calculi arise in the kidney when urine becomes supersaturated
with salt which is capable of forming solid crystals. This is determined by
continuous interaction between urine factors that can promote and others
that can inhibit crysallization or spontaneous precipitation can occur.
Stones are classified based on their chemical components into;
calcium with phosphate or oxalate, purine derivatives, cystine and
combinations of the preceding items then rare types include xanthines
stones, 2,8-dihydroxyadenine, drug stones as indinavir, ammonium urate
stones and infection stones.
Stone formation may be idiopathic or secondary to predisposing
factors which may exacerbate its formation. These factors include;
metabolic (hypercalcuria , hyperuricosuria , cystinuria, hyperoxaluria ,
hypocitraturia and xanthinuria), environmental (low fluid intake, high
lithogenic diet intake, low or high socioeconomics state and hot climate),
lithogenic drugs, developmental and inherited abnormalities. Family and
past history of having stone also may play an important role in stone
formation.
Patient with urolithiasis may be asymptomatic. symptoms will differ
accoding to the age. The most common presentation are hematuria and/or
pain , dysuria, urgency, oliguria, frequency and non specific symptoms.
The urolithiasis diagnosis is often made on the basis of clinical
symptoms, detailed history, clinical examination, metabolic workup,
diagnostic imaging and stone analysis.
A retrospective study was performed on the records of 66 Egyptian
childrens with urolithiasis who attended nephrology clinic at AUCH
from (2001-2010). The study evaluated age, gender, family history,
clinical symptoms, location of stones, laboratory findings, stone