الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stem cell therapy become nowadays as a potential therapeutic option for cell death-related heart diseases. Worldwide researches are being done to prove that cardiovascular stem cell therapy will be the new era for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Stem cells are used in many fields for cardiovascular repair; it could be used after acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease with no mechanical revascularization option (either being as an isolated procedure or accompanied with other procedure), ischemic cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure.
There are many types of stem cells that used for cardiovascular stem cell therapy; two of the most widely used cell types are skeletal muscle-derived progenitors, or myoblasts, and bone marrow-derived progenitors. Both cell types share advantages over other cells used for cardiac repair (or at least for limiting infarcts) in that they are r~adily available, autologous, exhibit a high proliferative potential in vitro and share a low potential for tumor genesis. However, the transplantation of autologous cells to repair the heart also has serious drawbacks. It is. labor intensive since isolation and cell proliferation has to be done for each patient. This procedure also delays the treatment. The ’ideal’ cell to treat the heart should be transplantable without delay to any patient without a sustained immunosupression. Such ideal cells may be obtained one day by the genetic engineering of embryonic stem cells.
There are many routes for Cell delivery, either transvascular approaches (which may be Intracoronary Artery Infusion, Intravenous Infusion or Mobilization of Stem and Progenitor Cells) or direct injection into the ventricular wall (which may be Transendocardial Injection, Transepicardial Injection or Transcoronary Vein Injection).
There are many techniques of cell implantation (which may be percutaneous cellular cardiomyoplasty using one of many catheter systems: MyoCath® catheter, Bioheart Inc.; StileUo® catheter, Boston-Scientific; Myostar®,CordisjJohnson & Johnson
Inc. or, recently, transvenous, intravascular ultrasound guided [IVUS] TransAccess® catheter via the coronary sinus) or surgical that include (Open-chest, indirect open-chest and minimallyyinvasive techniques). Minimally invasive techniques include Minithoracotomy, Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and Robotic surgery).
Cardiovascular tissue engineering is the newest modality of stem cell usage; it may tissue engineering for myocardial regeneration, formation of tissue engineered cardiac valves and formation of tissue engineered small-vessel grafts.
Myocardial tissue engineering could be summarized that as an in vitro method for the formation of contractile 3-D cardiac muscle which described and termed as cardioids. Cardioids are formed from the spontaneous delamination of a confluent monolayer of primary cardiac myocytes. One of the most attractive features of the cardioid model is that isolated cardiac cells selfforganize to form 3-D cardiac muscle. This eliminates the need for synthetic scaffolding material in the contractile region of cardioids and allows cardioids to exhibit uninhibited contractions. Cardioids have been shown to exhibit several physiologically relevant metrics of function. Cardioids can be electrically stimulated to generate active force and can be electrically paced at frequencies of 1-7 Hz. In addition, cardioids are responsive to calcium and various cardio-active drugs. The cardioid model has several potential applications in basic research and may provide viable cardiac tissue for clinical applications.
Tissue engineered cardiac valves are best promoted through the use of progenitor cells that either obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord or chorionic villi, particularly for pediatric applications. This review was undertaken to provide more detailed understanding of cell phenotype and extracellular matrix development during the tissue engineering process, in order to define quality criteria for future clinical use. Although having first indications as to the influence of age, cell sources and in vitro conditions, knowledge on biochemical and immunological characteristics of the cells / tissues undergoing in vitro growth is still very limited. In addition, little is known about the influence of