الفهرس 
Anatomy and Development of the ShoulderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Understanding of normal anatomy and development of the shoulder provides the base
upon which discussing shoulder problems in birth palsy takes place. This requires
comprehensive knowledge of normal anatomy of the brachial plexus, development stages
of shoulder and osteocartilagenous ligamentous and muscular anatomy of the shoulder
girdle.
The brachial plexus has been discussed through the centuries, the cause, the course, and
the most important patterns of the brachial plexus injuries were clearly defined over 100
years ago. Erb then described his classic case of obstetrical palsy, and the term Erb’s
Paralysis was coined. Flaubert described the characteristic lower plexus palsy in 1827,
but Klumpke’s later description associated her name with this.
The incidence of birth injury of the plexus has been reported as between 0.13 and 3.6
cases per 1000 live births. Nearly 80% of brachial plexus injuries involve the nerve roots
of C5-6.