الفهرس 
ASTIGMATISMOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cataract surgery is the most commonly performed refractive procedure in the world today. Improvements in the calculation of intraocular lens power and design have allowed complete spherical correction of preexisting refractive error with intraocular lens implantation, also advances in incision construction have improved the refractive results of cataract surgery by minimizing surgically induced astigmatism.
A number of options for the intra operative management of corneal astigmatism include “ Site, size and shape of surgical wound, Relaxing incisions, Toric intraocular lens and Excimer laser ablation.”
• Some of broad guidelines that may help the surgeon to achieve emmetropia by tailoring the surgical wound are stated as follows:
Posterior incisions have less astigmatic effect than anterior incisions.
Longer incisions produce more flattening.
Placing the incision along the steep meridian helps decreasing the pre-existing astigmatism.
OCCIs have more flattening effect than single CCI
• Relaxing incisions whether Peripheral corneal relaxing incisions (Astigmatic keratotomy) or the slightly more peripheral limbal relaxing incisions (LRIs) can flatten astigmatism as an adjunct to cataract surgery.
• Implanting a toric IOL offers the possibility of correcting not only Spherical error but also astigmatism during phacoemulsification cataract surgery.
The toric IOL differs in that there is a toric component located on the anterior or posterior surface of the lens optic. The optic is marked with 3 peripheral dots that indicate the cylindrical axis of the lens and so enables its correct alignment with the steepest axis of the corneal astigmatism during surgery.
In recent years, development of new technology in refractive surgery has been rapid: flying spot lasers, wavefront measurements, customized ablations and the femtosecond laser are some examples.
Combining technologies such as corneal laser surgery with cataract surgery “ Bioptics” for fine-tuning residual ametropia is a logical approach for increasing patient satisfaction.