الفهرس 
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Abstract
the aim of this study is to detect the type of failure & quantify strains around titanium or zirconia abutment–implant assemblies using a biologically simulated mandibular model Materials and methods: Ten titanium fixtures were embedded in ten simulated mandibular models in the premolar area. Five titanium abutments with ceramo-metallic crowns and five zirconia abutments with zicrconia crowns were attached to the implants. Both groups were fatigued in cyclic loading machine for 10,000 cycles, then loaded till failure in static loading machine and strains around each group were collected. Fractured samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).