الفهرس 
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Abstract
A total of 416 environmental samples (litter, water, swabs, and air) were collected from commercial poultry farms, located in Ismailia; and El-Sharkia governorates during the period; January through July of 2008. These samples were tested by conventional cultural methods, and then were confirmed biochemically. The suspected colonies for Salmonella sp were cultured onto a selective media (Selenite F broth, and S-S agar) for further confirmation. Prevalence and frequencies of the microorganisms were calculated to detect the most predominant microorganisms. Swab samples showed higher prevalence of bacterial isolates (37.7%). Samples collected from controlled system had higher prevalence of bacterial isolates in swab samples (20.50%); as compared to samples from semi controlled system (17.20%). Citrobacter (8.3%), Proteus vulgaris (8.3%) and Pseudomonas aureuginosa (16.7%) predominated in litter samples from controlled system. Escherichia coli (35.7%) predominated in air samples of controlled system. Klebsiella oxytoca (10.0%) predominated in water of semi controlled system. Salmonella sp (35.0%) predominated in swab samples of semi controlled system. Shigella sp prevalence was similar between water samples of semi controlled system (6.0%), and swab samples of controlled system (5.9%). Staphylococcus aureus (50.0%) predominated in air of controlled system. Streptococcus pneumonia (17.8%) predominated in air samples of semi controlled system. Streptococcus fecalis (5.3%) predominated in litter samples of semi controlled system1*.
A total of 266 environmental and non-environmental samples were collected during the period; September of 2008 through January of 2009 by the Alabama State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. These samples were examined using highly selective media for Salmonella spp. The positive samples were confirmed biochemically, and sero-grouped. The highest prevalence of Salmonella sp was in environmental swabs (38.6%); with special reference to slat swabs (10.2%), fans (8.1%), and sills (6.9%). The highest predominant group of Salmonella sp was C3 (50.4%); followed by group B (24.0%), and group C2 (13.9%).2*
The effects of ambient environmental factors as temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide levels, ammonia levels were studied on broilers at 4 different location (A, B, C, and D) within Ismailia governorate during two successive fattening cycles. At autumn season: temperature degrees showed high significant differences when compared between localities and weeks at (p≤0.0005) with declined from (33.4oc) to (25.1oc) in location B, from (32oc) to (26oc) in location D, from (31.3oc) to (26.5oc) in location A, and from (32.3oc) to (22oc) in location C. Relative humidity was fluctuating with high significant differences at (p≤0.0005), the maxi-mini RH recorded was (64.9%/52.3%) in location D, (64.1%/45.1%) in location B, (53.3%/44.8%) in location C, and (50.8%/35.7%) in location A. Co2 levels were exceeding normal with high significant differences (P≤0.0005). Highest levels were (8.45X103/m3)at Wk4 in location C, (7.45X103/m3) at Wk2 in location D, (7.86X103/m3) at Wk3 in location B, and (7.31X103/m3) at Wk1 in location A. Ammonia levels showed high significant differences at (P≤0.0005) and the highest reading estimated were (120.6X103/m3) at Wk5 in location C, (109X103/m3) at Wk2 in location D, (118X103/m3) at Wk5 in location B, and (112X103/m3) at Wk3 in location A. Broilers LBW, FI, and BWG showed high significant differences (P≤0.0005). The final LBW; FI; BWG at autumn season were (1600gm; 2637gm/bird; 1561gm) at location A, (1757.7gm; 2650gm/bird; 1718.7gm) at location B, (1583.7gm; 2750gm/bird; 1544.7gm) at location C, and (1681.6gm; 2638gm/bird; 1642.6gm) at location D. Birds didn’t show any significant differences in neither FCR nor PI when compared on the level of locality. The best achieved FCR was at location B (1.54%), location D (1.61%), location A (1.68%), and location C (1.78). PI values were at Location B (1.11), location D (1.04), location A (0.94), and location C (0.84). EEI higher values were recorded at Location B (3.25), Location D (2.99), and Location A (2.71), and Location C (2.54).1*
At winter season, temperature showed low significance (P≥0.005) between the four locations and declined at location A (33oc to 27.2oc), location B (33.1oc to 26.7oc), location C (32.6oc to 26.3oc), and location D (32.5oc to 26.3oc). Relative humidity mean values showed high significant differences (p≤0.0005), and the maxi values were (76%) in location C, (68.7%) in location B, (68.5%) in location D, and (59.4%) in location A. CO2 levels showed high significant differences (P≤0.0005), the highest estimated values were (7.83X103/m3) in location C, (7.58X103/m3) in location B, (7.04X103/m3) in location D, and (6.56X103/m3) in location A. Ammonia levels showed high significant differences (P≤0.0005) between localities, as (118.6X103/m3) in location C, (118.6X103/m3) in location B, (107.5X103/m3) in location A, and (102X103/m3) in location D. Broiler LBW, FI, and BWG showed high significant differences (P≤0.0005) when compared at the two basis locality and period. The final LBW; FI; BWG in winter season were (1450gm; 2847.3gm/bird; 1404gm) at location A, (1470gm; 2497gm/bird; 1414gm) at location B, (1400gm; 2863gm/bird; 1332.2gm) at location C, and (1620gm; 2499gm/bird; 1575.2gm) at location D. Calculated values showed significant differences (P≤0.0005) in both FCR and PI. The best achieved FCR was calculated from data of location D (1.63%), location B (1.67%), location A (2.11%), and location C (2.21%). PI values were at location D (0.49), location B (0.41), location A (0.37), and location C (0.34). Finally EEI higher values were at location D (2.92), location B (2.38), location A (2.04), and location C (1.86).1*
Combined effects of temperature, relative humidity, and litter pH in the presence or absence of organic matter on the survival of S. typhimurium over time was studied. The litter (L: 30cm x W: 25cm x D: 6cm aluminum trays filled with wood shavings) was inoculated with S. typhimurium at initial concentration of (4.8x107CFU/ml), then litter trays were placed in a room with microclimate similar to that of a naturally ventilated poultry house. The periodical counting of S. typhimurium population in poultry litter in relation to the ambient environmental conditions revealed that: in the absence of organic matter; there was a non-significant (p≤0.99) negative correlation (-0.07 at confidence level 95%) between ambient temperature and survival of S. typhimurium, a non-significant (p≤0.53) positive correlation (+0.04 at confidence level 95%) between relative humidity and survival of S. typhimurium population, and a highly significant (p≤0.005) positive correlation (+0.67 at confidence level 95%) between litter pH and survival. In the presence of organic matter, there was a non-significant (p≤0.55) negative correlation (-0.22 at confidence level 95%) between ambient temperature and survival, a highly significant (p≤0.0001) negative correlation (-0.12 at confidence level 95%) between relative humidity and survival, and a significant (p≤0.05) positive correlation (+0.48 at confidence level 95%) between litter pH and survival. The study suggested that increased litter pH and relative humidity rather than temperature presented a great influence on the increased survival of S. typhimurium. New management practice that will reduce litter pH and relative humidity should be considered in the control plans of Salmonellosis in poultry farms.3*
Five commercial disinfectants [Green work (green non anionic surfactant), Sanidate RTU (hydrogen peroxide compound), Hi-yeild®consan 20® (phenolic compound), Tektrol® (quaternary ammonium compound), and Kreso®D (phenolic compound)] were evaluated against Salmonella Typhimurium. In Experiment I, S. typhimurium was inoculated into fresh poultry litter (aluminum trays L: 30cm x W: 25cm x D: 6cm filled with wood shavings) by inoculums size of ~107CFU/ml and then mixed with 100gm of fresh poultry DROPpings. Sample sizes of 3 gm were obtained daily for the bacterial counts. Green work achieved100% bactericidal activity by day 7 (p≤0.0001); Sanidate RTU achieved100% bactericidal activity by day 6 (p≤ 0.001); Hi-yield® Consan®, Tektrol®, and Kreso® D achieved100% bactericidal activity by day 5 (p≤0.001). Disinfectants were also compared to each other in their efficacy each day. At day 1, Green work was inferior to all other disinfectants at (p≤0.05). On day 2, Kreso® D was significantly superior to Tektrol®, Hi-yield® Consan®, Sanidate RTU, and Green work at (p≤0.01, p≤0.01, p≤0.01, p≤0.005; respectively). At day 4 Kreso® D was significantly superior to Hi-yield® Consan® at p≤0.01, Tektrol® was also significantly superior to Green work at (p≤0.01). In experiment II, MIC use-dilution test was used to evaluate the five disinfectants against S. typhimurium (~107). Hourly samples were collected for the bacterial counts. In the absence of organic matter, 100% bactericidal activity efficacy against S. typhimurium was achieved for Green Work after 16 hours (p≤0.0001), Sanidate RTU after 8 hours (p≤0.0001), Tektrol® after 4 hours (p≤0.0001), and Hi-yield® Consan® and Kreso® D after 2 hours at (p≤0.0001). In presence of organic matter Green work and Sanidate RTU achieved 100% bactericidal activity efficacy against S. typhimurium after 16 hours (p≤0.0001), Tektrol® after 8 hours (p≤0.0001), Hi-yield® Consan® and Kreso® D after 2 hours at (p≤0.0001). When disinfectants were compared to each other in relation to time; we found that there was no kind of significance between their efficacies. When compared to other tested disinfectants, Kreso® D which is a phenolic compound revealed superior activity against Salmonella typhimurium in the two experiments. Further studies are required to explore the safety and the efficacy of these compounds when applied in poultry farms in the presence of live birds.3*