الفهرس 
Acknowledgement
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filterOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
As the burden of hospital-acquired infections increases; all health care workers should follow standard infection control practices with all patients at all times, regardless of their diagnosis, in order to reduce the risk of transmission of micro organisms from person to person.
Hand hygiene is considered the single most important component of standard precautions for preventing transmission of infection. Health care workers should also focus on the appropriate use of personal protective equipments, environmental cleaning, safe handling and disposal of sharps and proper linen and waste management.
During bronchoscopy; it is important to protect bronchoscopy personnel via wearing appropriate PPE during bronchoscopy and during bronchoscope reprocessing and also to prevent FOB related patient to patient transmission of infection which is achieved by meticulous cleaning of the bronchoscope followed by high level disinfection, autoclaving all autoclavable accessories and proper storage of the bronchoscope hanging vertically with all valves removed.
As TB continues to be a serious threat and as more and more persons develop active disease and seek treatment and care, it will remain a potential hazard to those healthcare practitioners who provide that care. Screening of HCWs for TB, early diagnosis and treatment of TB, instructing the patients who are identified as TB suspects to follow cough etiquette, isolation of identified cases in AII rooms and using of respiratory protection devices can contribute to control TB transmission in health care setting.
Critically ill patients who are admitted to ICU should be properly secured, by well trained health care workers, against development of catheter-associated urinary tract infection or catheter-related blood stream infection or ventilator associated pneumonia if they are mechanically ventilated.
Prevention of VAP requires strict following of these strategies:
• Follow protocol for proper hand hygiene.
• Use stress ulcer prophylaxis.
• Use aseptic technique during suctioning of mucus in the airways.
• Humidification of the inspired air.
• Turn patients at least every 2 hours.
• Elevate the head of the patient bed 30-45 degree to prevent reflux.
• Minimize the use of narcotic and sedative agents and daily assess the patient for potential weaning from mechanical ventilation.
• Use endotracheal tubes that have continuous subglottic suction ports.
• Maintain adequate endotracheal tube cuff pressures of at least 20 cm H2O.
• Never reuse items designated for single use and use sterile water to rinse reusable respiratory equipments.
Conclusion: Strict adherence of health care workers to standard and transmission based infection control precautions is considered the cornerstone in prevention of hospital acquired infections and therefore, decreases incidences of morbidity and mortality, length of hospital stay and costs.