الفهرس 
Rooting of cuttingsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the
feasibility of using rootstod s other than bitter almond that are
more adapted to different E oil types and conditions prevailing in
lower Egypt. The research work included the following studies:
1- Rooting of softwood and hardwood cuttings of three almond
rootstocks i.e. bitter almon , Okenawa peach and Marianna 2624
plum.
II- Budding of Ne Plus Ultra almond on the same mentioned
rootstocks.
III-Clonal propagation by tis: ue culture techniques for the same
rootstocks.
Cutting and bud ding exp riments were conducted during two
consecutive seasons, 1992 and 1993 in the greenhouse of
Horticulture Research Institutt, Giza, Ministry of Agriculture and
Faculty of Agriculture, Kaluhia Governorate,
respectively. The third experiment was carried out at the plant
Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Horticulture Research Institute,
Ministry of Agriculture.
1- Rooting of soft”, ood and hardwood cuttings of
three almond rootstocks. i.e. bitter almond,
Okenawa peach and Marianna 2624 plum.
In both seasons, subterminal softwood cuttings of 10 - 15 em.
long were prepared in Mayan d July from less than three-month-old
shoots, whereas hardwood cuttings of 20 - 25 em. long were
prepared in December fron the medium part of one year old
shoots. The two types of cuttings were subjected to the following
quick dip treatments: I
1) - Tap water as contr~l.
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2) - W (wounding) folllpwed by tap water dip.
3) - W + 3000 ppm IBi-
4) - W + 6000 ppm IBA
5)- W + 9000 ppm IBA.
6) - W + 1000 ppm NAt _
7) - W + 2000 ppm NAJ .
8) - W + 4000 ppm NAJ .
9) - W + 250 ppm PP333.
10) - W + 500 ppm PP333-
11) - W + 1000 ppm PP33 3-
The treated subtermiru I softwood cuttings were planted
directly in the greenhouse under mist system, while those of
hardwood cuttings were stor ed in moist mixture of sand and peat
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moss (1:1 v:v) one month be rore planting in the greenhouse. After
two months from planting, rooted cuttings were counted and
rooting percentages were ca culated. Afterwards, rooted cuttings
were transplanted in black p+lyethylene bags filled with a mixture
of peat moss: sand: loamy soill (1:1:1 v Iv Iv).
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At the end of the growling season in late December survived
cuttings were subjected to diffFrent vegetative measurements.
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Furthermore, anatomy of Adventitious root origin on cuttings
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was conducted and eXamine(~ microscopically for root initiation,
root primordia and root develcrpment.
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”The obta\ned fesu\t!f fe\Jea\ed that.
I 1- Wounding for Mariannai 2624 plum and Okenawa peach
softwood cuttings prepare. either in Mayor July was successful
in improving rooting and survival percentages, as well as,
values of different growth: arameters under study.
2- Treating wounded softwood cuttings with different growth
regulators (IBA, NAA an. PP333) induced further increase in
rooting and survival perc entages as well as different growth
parameters over wounded 4 uttings only.
3- IBA treatments for softwc od cuttings of Marianna 2624 plum
and Okenawa peach surp ssed NAA and PP333 treatments in
their effect.
4- Generally, rooting and st rvival percentages as well as, growth
parameters of shoot and root growth of cuttings were highest
when bases of wounded cuttings were dipped in 6000 ppm IBA,
while the 4000 ppm NAA treatment took the other way around
in this concern for Marianna 2624 plum. However,Okenawa
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peach cuttings failed to show any positive responce to the 4000
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ppm NAA.
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5- Wounding for hardwood IMarianna 2624 plum and Okenawa
peach cuttings, prepared I in December gave good callusing,
rooting and survival perclentages as well as all parameters of
shoot and root growth overl the unwounded ones.
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6- Treating wounded hardwood cuttings with different
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concentrations of IBA, l’~AA and PP333 improved callusing,
rooting and survival percenrages as well as values of different
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growth parameters over lfounding only except the 4000 ppm
NAA treatment of Okenaw’r peach hardwood cuttings.
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7- Callusing, rooting and surv ival percentages as well as values of
different growth param ters were mostly increased with
increasing the concentration of IBA and NAA up to 6000 ppm
and 2000 ppm, respective ly, then decreased with high levels of
IBA and NAA. On the con rary, Pac1obutrazol (PP333) induced a
decrease in rooting and survival percentages and values of
growth parameters with increasing PP333 levels.
8- IBA treatment for hardwc od Marianna 2624 plum and Okenawa
peach cuttings surpassed 1 he NAA and PP333 treatments in their
effect on callusing, rocting and survival percentages and
different growth parameters studied.
9- Wounding + 6000 ppm IIBA was the best treatment while 4000
ppm NAA took the othe~ way around for Marianna 2624 plum
cuttings. Okenawa peach i hardwood cuttings failed to respond
I to the same latter treatmenlt.
10- Preparation time for sOft~oOd cuttings of Marianna 2624 plum
and Okenawa peach, wasl more promising in early May than
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early July.
11- Bitter almond cuttings fail~d completely to respond to different
! growth regulator treatmentr used at all dates.
12- Rooting of both Marianra 2624 plum and Okenawa peach
cuttings were initiated frOII~the cambium zone and continued to
develop. Bitter almond roots were initiated from both cambium
and pith zones and fail d to develop perhaps due to the
presence of inhibitors that a cumulated in the shoots.
2- BUdding by Ne Pill 5 Ultra almond:
Three rootstocks i.e. bitter almond, Okenawa peach and
Marianna 2624 plum were used for Ne Plus Ultra almond. The
stock plants were shield budded in : Mid-July, Mid-August and
Mid-September. Meanwhile, other group of stocks were left
without budding. Survival perci ntages were counted. The survived
plants were subjected to grow h measurements, chemical nutrient
elements determinations and anatomical studies.
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”The obta\ned resu\tsl \nd\cated that·.
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1) Growth of Ne Plus Ult:~a almond bud lings as affected by
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rootstocks and time of l~udding, it is found that, survival
percentage and other growth parameters of bitter almond and
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Okenawa peach were signiricantly affected by time of budding.
Mid-July was the best bU(~ding time followed by Mid-August
and Mid-September in a descending order. Marianna 2624 plum
! took the opposite trend. !
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2) Ne Plus Ultra almond Sci(~n survived best on bitter almond
rootstock than on either Ok nawa peach or Marianna 2624 plum
rootstocks in a descending order.
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3) Marianna 2624 plum proved to be the most vigorous one. The
picture was changed to the opposite when bitter rootstock was
concerned Okenawa peach was in between in this respect.
4) Marianna 2624 plum gave t e highest foliar N content followed
descendingly by Okenawa pEach and bitter almond.
5) Scion leaf on bitter aln ond had the highest levels of
phosphorus, potassium, cal ium and magnesium followed by
those on Okenawa peach and Marianna 2624 plum rootstocks in
a descending order.
6) leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg levels of Ne Plus Ultra budded on either
bitter almond or Okenaw: peach were affected by time of
budding which were highestl in Mid-July, followed descendingly
by Mid-August and Mid-Sep·~ember.
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7) The opposite was true for M~~rianna 2624 plum rootstock.
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8) Marianna 2624 plum gave t:~e highest foliar N content followed
descendingly by Okenawa pErach and finally bitter almond.
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9) The highest P. level existed in leaves of bitter almond followed
descendingly by Okenawa peach and Marianna 2624 plum.
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I Besides, leaves of Okenawc~ peach had the highest values of
potassium, calcium and magneaium, followed by bitter almond,
and Marianna 2624 plum in afdescending order.
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10) The obtained section of NEf Plus Ultra almond/bitter almond
combination showed a clear and smooth connection between
scion and stock which indicafed a high degree of compatibiHty.
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11) Obtained sections of Ne Plus Ultra almondLOkenawa peach,
showed a destinct dark line. I
12) The illustrated section of Ne Plus Ultra almond/Marianna 2624
plum showed a thicker dai k line, it turns a lower degree of
compatibility.
3- Tissue Culture Studies
Tissue culture studies were carried out during the season of
1994. Shoot tips and one-node cuttings explants were taken from
two years old seedlings of thrae rootstocks i.e. (bitter almond, ,
Okenawa peach and Marianna 26:~4plum).
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The prepared explants were cultured on establishment liquid
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medium consisted of modified ~ S (Murashig and Skoog, 1962) and
vitamins basal salt at full stre gth supplemented with 20 gm/L
sucrose. After four weeks, eXI lants were transferred on the same
nutrient medium supplemented with 7 gm/L Difico Bacto agar and
6-BAP at the rate of 1.0 mg/L ~or proliferation. However, IBA at
the rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, 5 and N+A at the rate of 1 mg/L were used.
The growth parameters were determined during the three stages.
1) Explants prepared in April whether as shoot-tips or one-node
cuttings gave the highest urvival percentage as well as shoot
length and number of leav s per explant for all the rootstocks.
Such measurements were decreased as explants preparation was
delayed during the season.
,he obta\ned fesu\ts ’ e’Jea\edthat”.
2) Survival, shoot length and number of leaves of rootstocks used
could be arranged desce dingly as follows; bitter almond,
Okenawa peach and Mariam a 2624 plum.
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3) Shoot-tip explants recorded lower percentage of survival as
compared with one-node cuttings, while shoot length and
number of leaves / explant howed an opposite trend.
4) Explants prepared in Apr: I gave the largest number of shoots in
first second and third s bcultures for all the rootstocks in the
two types of explants.
5) Number of shoots were decreased by the delay in the
preparation of explants du: ing the season.
6) The rootstocks used couk be arranged descendingly according
to number of shoots p: oduced as follows: bitter almond,
Okenawa peach and Marianna 2624 plum.
7) Root initiation and primor ia were formed. But root primordia
failed to continue and pr,pduce a well developed roots due to
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the overgrowth of callus fo med around the roots primordia.