الفهرس 
AnatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Abdominoplasty is one of the most commonly performed aesthetic procedures that has a rich and varied evolution. The topographic surface anatomy defined by the aesthetic units of the abdomen should be evaluated and treated as indicated. There are seven units in women and six units in men. The surgical anatomy for abdominal contour surgery should be considered from skin, muscle, arterial and neural view points. The appearance of aesthetic abdomen must be taken in consideration, which has medial sulcus in the upper abdomen, two shadows of the semilunar line that join over the pubis and two protuberance between the shadows beginning in the thorax and join under the umbilicus with prominence below it.
The pathophysiology of the abdominal contour deformities is excess skin, fat or excess plus flaccidity of the musculoaponeurotic system. Both heredity and environmental factors play an important role in a person’s body shape.
Patient evaluation is the most important parameter for selection of the suitable surgical procedure. There are some contraindications for these procedures such as bilateral upper abdominal scars, morbid obesity, future plans for pregnancy, history of thromboembolic disease and unrealistic expectations.
In abdominoplasty, each of the following stages must be considered: Need for concomitant SAL, placement of the incision and the amount of skin resection, skin flap undermining and elevation, rectus muscle plication, umbilicoplasty and closure with final tailoring. It is illogical to assume that an elective array of complaints can be treated with any one technique. Rather, a flexible system of treatment has been devised and developed by numerous authors for this purpose. Clearly there is no “abdominoplasty for all seasons”
The abdominoplasty system of classification and related treatment described here (type I, suction assisted lipectomy; type II, miniabdominoplasty; type II, modified abdominoplasty; and type IV, full abdominoplasty with or without concomitant suction assisted lipectomy) is based on physical examination and physical findings. More subtypes include type 1a, extended liposuction; type 2a, open miniabdominoplasty; and type 3a, muscle access or endoscopically assisted abdominoplasty. There are also two techniques include reveres abdominoplasty and high-lateral-tension abdominoplasty for treating different physical findings.
Abdominoplasty has both frequent and potentially serious complications that must be thoroughly understood. These may be early complications such as: hematoma, seroma, infection, skin necrosis, wound dehiscence and pulmonary embolism, or late complications such as hypertrophic scars, abnormal umbilical position, nerve injury, asymmetrical scar, elevation of the pubic hair, hyperpigmentation and soft tissue irregularities.
At last, the aim of these procedures is to get firm, toned abdomen and narrow, slender waistline for very attractive appearance of the abdomen.