الفهرس 
Stem cellsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an interdisciplinary field of
research and clinical applications focused on the repair,
replacement or regeneration of cells, tissues or organs to restore
impaired functions resulting from any .In recent decades, major
advancements in this field have been facilitated by the discovery
of ‘stem cells’. Stem cells are distinctive and versatile type of
cells that can divide indefinitely and have a unique capacity to
renew themselves and to give rise to specialized cell.
Disease or therapy in Otorhinolaryngology-head and neck
surgery may both result in the destruction or malformation of
tissues and organs such as nasal cartilages, pinna and trachea.
Reconstructing an injured face is a prime example of when such
damage may occur. The ability to regenerate cochlear hair cells
to restore hearing would offer massive benefits. There is a
growing hope that stem cells, derived from either adult and
embryonic sources,may have therapeutic potential, but much
research is required before their use is common place.
Now it may be possible to biologically engineer adult stem
cells to develop into specific cochlear cell types, or use stem cells
isolated from other tissues as tools for cochlear repair. Even if the
cochlea is devoid of a stem cell niche.
The potential of a clinical application for platelet-rich
plasma(PRP) and -induced mesenchymal stem cells(nMSCs) in
facial nerve regeneration following acute injury, results suggest
they promotes facial nerve regeneration in an animal model of
facial nerve axotomy. better regenerative outcomes associated
with functional improvement, great axonal growth, and improved
target reinnervation were achieved. to achieve optimal restoration,
further investigations will be followed in the future.Tissue-engineered cartilage implants undergo failure
problems as extensive resorption. generate a significant foreign
body reaction when implanted subcutaneously in animal
models.The capacity to generate an implant with the shape and
definition of a normal auricle has proven difficult. Thus, an
optimal combination of cell source and scaffold material has not
yet been identified using animal models.
Tracheal replacement, clinical and experimental Several
approaches, have been described in the past decades but entirely
satisfactory results have not been achieved. Tissue engineering
represents the most promising technique capable of creating a
functional tracheal substitute. . clinical experience shows that
autologous cells combined with a decellularized donor matrix in a
suitable bioreactor can produce a functional tissue-engineered
airway, one that is free from the risk of rejection. . The success
reached is highly encouraging, but also serves to highlight the
scientific, clinical and commercial bottlenecks that stand in the
way of full integration of this regenerative medicine technology
into routine clinical care: from scale-up of the process to a
clinically relevant strategy for inducing angiogenesis and
orientated ciliary function after implantation of the trachea.
Injuries of the olfactory nerves, such as in traumatic head
injury, there is little that the surgeon can do to restore function.
Recent studies reporting the survival of OE tissue grafts in the
olfactory bulb now offer new hope. Future research and
refinement of OE graft methods will ultimately determine the
functional and sensory capacity of OE grafts.