الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was conducted on a flock of ducks in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, to evaluate the genetic variation in response to hypolipidemic feed additives in two different duck breeds ( Pekin and Khaki Campbell ducks) and also to evaluate the effect of divergent selection for juvenile blood triacylglycerol levels on the growth performance, abdominal fat, meat triacylglycerol content, meat cholesterol content, blood picture, cellular immunity and humeral immunity.
The obtained results showed that:
A- Growth performance:
1- Pekin ducks had higher body weights, body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than Khaki Campbell ducks all over the experimental.
2- HTG ducks had higher live body weights and body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than LTG ducks.
3- Using dried powder of Emblica officinalis as feed additive resulted in little impairment in the body weights, weight gain and feed conversion ratio.
B- Abdominal fat, meat triacylglycerol and cholesterol contents:
1- Pekin ducks had higher abdominal fat content (2.50 vs. 2.30%), meat triacylglycerol (125.32 vs. 120.87 mg/dl meat extract) and meat cholesterol content (133.97 vs. 126.98 mg/dl meat extract) than Khaki Campbell ducks.
2- HTG ducks had higher abdominal fat content (2.90 vs. 1.90%), higher meat triacylglycerol (133.50 vs. 113.05 mg/dl meat extract) and meat cholesterol content (145.50 vs. 116.23 mg/dl meat extract) than LTG ducks.
3- Using dried powder of Emblica officinalis as feed additive resulted in significant lowering in abdominal fat content (2.90 vs. 1.90 %), meat triacylglycerol (155.45 vs. 89.42 mg/dl meat extract) and meat cholesterol content (163.26 vs. 101.33 mg/dl meat extract).
C- Blood triacylglycerol levels at slaughter:
1- Pekin ducks had higher blood triacylglycerol levels at slaughter than Khaki Campbell ducks.
2- Selection for juvenile triacylglycerol levels had a great influence on blood triacylglycerol levels at slaughter as HTG ducks had higher levels of serum triacylglycerol than LTG ducks (179.79 vs. 124.97 mg/dl) and also the difference was significant between HTG and LTG Khaki Campbell ducks (182.94 vs. 119.95 mg/dl) and between HTG and LTG Pekin ducks (176.19 vs. 129.75 mg/dl).
3- Using dried powder of Emblica officinalis as feed additive resulted in lowering blood triacylglycerol levels at slaughter in treated group than control group (188.86 vs. 118.74 mg/dl) and differences were significant between Amla fed and control group in Khaki Campbell ducks (184.68 vs. 126.31 mg/dl) and Amla fed and control group in Pekin ducks (192.85 vs. 110.09 mg/dl).
4- Pekin ducks had higher sensitivity to Amla treatment than Khaki Campbell ducks in lowering abdominal fat, meat triacylglycerol and cholesterol contents and blood triacylglycerol level at slaughter.
D- Blood picture, cellular and humeral immunity:
1- No significant differences between breeds of ducks in blood picture, differential leucocytes count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and antibody titer against avian influenza vaccine.
2- Blood triacylglycerol level had no influence on blood picture, differential leucocytes count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and antibody titer against avian influenza vaccine.
3- Amla fed group showed higher total white blood cells count (25.20 vs. 23.23 (x 103)/mm3), phagocytic index (1.66 vs. 1.40), phagocytic activity (19.25 vs. 15.33), Eosinophils percent (9.08 vs. 7.30%), Lymphocytes percent (37.70 vs. 34.00%), Heterophils (25.20 vs. 22.70%), Basophils percent (1.43 vs. 0.70%), Monocytes percent (6.13 vs. 4.97%) and higher antibody titer against avian influenza vaccine (2.89 vs. 2.20 Log antibody titer) than control group.
from the present results it may be concluded that:
1. Pekin ducks are fit for meat production than Khaki Campbell ducks as Pekins had higher growthe performance.
2. Selection for juvenile blood triacylglycerol levels had a great influence on improvement of carcass quality by reducing abdominal fat content and meat triacylglycerol and cholesterol contents.
3. Using of Amla (Emblica officinalis) as feed additive at dose of 3 kg/ton ration had a great role in further improvement of duck carcass quality by lowering abdominal fat content and triacylglycerol and cholesterol content of duck meat.
4. Amla had desired effect on improvement of the immunity of ducks either cellular immunity or humeral immunity by increasing phagocytic activity, phagocytic index and antibody titer against avian influenza vaccine which confirms the powerful immunomodulatory effect of Amla.