الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Land surveying is an ancient art but not one free of the error that often creep into the affairs of men” (IgI.1976).
In the long ago, when land was plentiful and people were scarce, an erroe or mistake in a survey, wnether of a few centineters or a few meters was of relatively little squence.
However, in the here and now, when people are plentiful and land is scarce, the difference of a few centimeters in a metropolitan area can involve substantialy values either won or lost, and lost expectations can usually translated into money. Also the quick and consequent development in measuring and computation devices replaces the old technique by more accurate and fadter ones. For these reasons, the main task of error in curve setting out awing to the errors in survey measurements used in lay out procedures. Such analysis is very helpful in overall location of the road cures because it provides a basis for evaluation of the accuracy of the located point on such acurve, for meeting toerance that may imposed on these points, and for selection of suitable instrumentations and measuring techniques.