الفهرس 
Anatomy of the liverOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Liver regeneration is a highly orchestrated response to reduction in effective liver mass after liver resection or toxic injury. The initiation, progression and cessation of this growth response are regulated on many levels, from secreted factors released by other organs to intrinsic control exerted by the individual hepatocyte. Preexisting liver disease and many medications alter the regenerative capacity of the liver. Appreciation of the mechanisms involved in the normal and pathological growth response might result in improvements in outcomes following liver resection or transplantation.
Until the closing decades of the twentieth century, liver surgery carried a daunting mortality and morbidity. This was mainly related to major intraoperative hemorrhage. Attempts to reduce blood loss concerned more on speed than on precision. The need to work very quickly in an operative field where visibility was obscure by bleeding was probably at least in part responsible for some of the other complications which were more common in this era.
Precision has proved more important than speed, but this precision has only become possible with advances in both knowledge and technology. The anesthetist can now provide optimum intraoperative physiological condition for the surgeon. In turn, the surgeon must be armed with knowledge of the segmental anatomy of the liver and discern additional information in any anatomical anomalies, using both preoperative and intraoperative imaging. With these two criteria met, combined with the improvements in surgical technique which have become possible with technological advances, it is now possible to operate on the liver with minimal blood loss and a low mortality and morbidity.
The evolution of hepatic resection, from an imprecise removal of portions of the liver, frequently accompanied by extensive hemorrhage, to a controlled anatomic procedure with acceptable risk, represents a major advance in modern surgery. This accomplishment has been made possible by
an appreciation of the segmental distribution of blood vessels and bile ducts within the liver, recognition of the functional reserve of the liver and the extreme potential for hepatic regeneration , a better understanding of hepatic function and metabolic needs of the liver, improvements in surgical technique that have reduced the hazard of uncontrollable hemorrhage, and data that have made a strong case for improved survival following resection of primary and metastatic malignancies of the liver.