الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Word laser is an acronym meaning (light Amplification by br Stimulated Emission of Radiation). One of the vital applications for br laser technology is its use in medicine as it is of a fast and very br accurate results. br Lasers penetrate most medical specialties over the past halfcentury, br including nose, ear and throat surgery. br Laser is a clever tool used to cut with precision which is br essentially an alternative to a surgeon’s scalpel as it cuts in a very br sharp way up to (0.2 mm). br It is a light with straight parallel rays issued by ionization of a br particular substance and this substance may be argon or Ruby or neon br or carbon dioxide. The latter is usually used in the field of ear, nose br and throat. br Because this radiant light is parallel, and while cutting br generates enough heat to close the blood vessels; thus there is no br bleeding br Many lasers are now available to the otolaryngologist, and the br choice of the appropriate wavelength may be confusing when the laser br is used only occasionally. An essential condition for the proper and br successful use of lasers in any speciality is an understanding of the br characteristics and limitations of wavelengths, interaction with tissue, br mode of transmission, delivery system (optics, contact and noncontact br modes), and settings (power, repetition rate, continuous versus pulse br modes). This knowledge permits the application of laser technology in br the proper clinical setting, and it provides the best results. br Lack of understanding often leads to the misuse and abuse of br lasers, causing detrimental results and otherwise avoidable br complications. br Summary And Conclusion br 90 br In the last few years, the availability of many different laser br wavelengths has extended the applications of laser technology to br include laryngology, rhinology, otology, general otolaryngology, and br photocoagulation of vascular lesions. The wavelengths -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; which the br surgeon can choose are CO2, Nd:YAG in contact and noncontact br modes, argon, potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP/532), and argon dye. br The most widely used laser is the CO2 laser, which is known for br its precision, particularly when coupled to an operating microscope for br delicate atraumatic surgery. When only one laser can be purchased for br use in otolaryngology the CO2 laser is recommended. br Laryngology is one of the specialty areas in which lasers are br most often used. The CO2 laser is by far the laser of choice. Because br of the precise cutting and superficial welldelineated effect of the CO2 br laser, it is widely used in laryngology for delicate phonatory surgery, br precise excision of carcinoma in situ or early (T1) tumors, and br vaporization of bulky obstructing carcinoma of the upper airway. br Treatment of patients with benign subglottic stenosis with the br CO2 laser is one of its earliest endoscopic laser applications, and CO2 br laser therapy is still well accepted as the first approach to the problem br of benign stenosis of the upper airway. Benign subglottic and tracheal br stenosis are caused by previous tracheal intubation, tracheostomy, br tracheal trauma, inflammatory diseases, and idiopathic stenosis. br Most of the lasers now available to the otolaryngologist have br applications in nasal surgery. The CO2 laser, which mainly cuts and br ablates tissue, is used most often for vaporization of hypertrophied br turbinates and occasionally for coagulation of small blood vessels in br the milder forms of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia br In the noncontact mode, the Nd:YAG laser is a good br coagulator. It has been used successfully for coagulation of vascular br Summary And Conclusion br 91 br lesions of the nose, such as low-flow venous malformations and br hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.