الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work was carried out at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agricultural (Saba Basha) at abbes, Alexandria University during the winter season (2008/2009) to Induce of genetic variation in garlic (Allium sativum, L.) using artificial mutagenic agents and its effect on morphological variation, micro- and macro propagation. Tow experiments were layed out; the first one was to study the effect of irradiation on garlic cloves tissues in vitro and the second was to study the same effect in vivo ( field experiment).
Irradiation treatment is a tool to induce variation in garlic genome to facilitate selection of new strains. Sence garlic is a vegetatively propagated crop, because it doesn’t produce seeds, then variation among the plants are very rare and consequently the selection in such population isn’t fruitful. For this reason the current research was designed to reach this target, variability.
5.1 Effect of doses of gamma irradiation on tissue culture:
Garlic cloves were irradiated 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gy doses in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.
The obtained results will be summarized as follows:
5.1.1 Dose 8 and 10 gamma ray resulted in a complete mortality of the tissue.
5.1.2 BAP concentrations effects, the first level produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, the fifth level produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.3 NAA concentrations effects, the second level produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, the third level produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.4 The doses of gamma rays effects, the dose (4 Gy) produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, the dose (6 Gy) produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.5 The interaction between BAP x gamma ray doses effects, the second level BAP x (4 Gy) produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, the fourth level BAP x (2 Gy) produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.6 The interaction between NAA x gamma ray doses effects, the second level NAA x (4 Gy) produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, the third level NAA x (2 Gy) produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.7 The interaction between NAA x BAP effects, the second level NAA x the first level BAP produced the tallest garlic shoot , while, the first level NAA x the fifth level BAP produced the shortest shoot.
5.1.8 The interaction between gamma ray doses x NAA concentrations x BAP concentrations effects, (the dose (4 Gy) x the second level NAA x the first level BAP) and (the dose (4 Gy) x the third level NAA x the second level BAP) produced the tallest garlic shoot, while, (the dose (2 Gy) x the third level NAA x the fifth level BAP) produced the shortest garlic shoot.
5.1.9 The highest Number of shoot produced from control, while, the lowest number of shoot produced from the dose (6 Gy).
5.1.10 All of the BAP levels ,NAA levels, NAA x BAP, and gamma ray doses effects were significant, while, the combinations BAP x gamma ray doses, NAA x gamma ray doses and NAA x BAP x gamma ray doses were insignificant.
5.1.11 BAP and NAA concentrations effects were in significant.
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5.1.12 Gamma ray doses effects, the highest number of root / seedling produced by the control, while, the lowest number of root / seedling produced by the dose (6 Gy).
5.1.13 Gamma ray doses x BAP levels, gamma ray doses x NAA levels and gamma ray doses x NAA x BAP was insignificant.
5.1.14 BAP concentrations effects, the fifth level produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the second level produced the lowest number.
5.1.15 NAA concentrations effects, the third level produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the second level produced the lowest number of leaves/ seedling.
5.1.16 The dose of gamma rays effects, the dose (4 Gy) produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the dose (6 Gy) produced the lowest number.
5.1.17 BAP x gamma rays effects, the fifth level BAP x (4 Gy) produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the second level BAP x (6 Gy) produced the lowest number.
5.1.18 NAA x gamma rays effects, the first level NAA x (2 Gy) produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the first level NAA x (4 Gy) produced the lowest number.
5.1.19 NAA x BAP effects, the fifth level BAP x the third level NAA produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while, the second level BAP x the third level NAA produced the lowest number.
5.1.20 Gamma rays x BAP x NAA effects, the dose (4 Gy) x the second leven BAP x the first level NAA produced the highest number of leaves/ seedling, while the dose (6 Gy) x the fourth level BAP x the first level NAA produced the lowest number.
5.2 Effect of doses of gamma irradiation on vegetative growth
5.2.1 The highest gamma dose produced the shortest plants, while, control treatment produced the tallest plants. The plant length was positively and significantly correlated with all studied. The relations between plant length and each of sodium, calcium, protein and sulfur content in cloves leaves did not reach the significances level.
5.2.2 The highest value of leaf area index produced by (2 Gy), while, increasing gamma ray up to (6 Gy) gradually decreased (L.A.I.) values. The relationship between leaf area index and all studied traits was significantly and positively. Number of cloves / bulb, cloves diameter, nitrogen, sodium, calcium and sulfur content in garlic cloves leaves were insignificantly correlated with leaf area index.
5.2.3 Gamma ray dose (2 Gy) produced the highest number of leaves / plant and the highest gamma ray dose (6 Gy) produced the lowest number of leaves per plant. The number of leaves / seedling was significantly and positively correlated with all studied traits, while, number of leaves / garlic seedling was negatively and significantly correlated with potassium content in cloves.
5.2.4 Gamma ray dose (2 Gy) produced the heaviest fresh plant weight, while, the lightest fresh plant weight was recorded with the highest gamma ray dose (6 Gy). Plant fresh weight was negatively and significantly correlated with potassium content in cloves, while it was positively and significantly correlated with other studied traits.
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5.2.5 Gamma rays doses had significant effects on both fresh and dry weights of garlic shoot system. The increasing dose of gamma rays over (2 Gy) led to significant decreases; where (4 and 6 Gy) produced the lightest shoot fresh weights to shoot fresh weight. Untreated plants and plants treated with the lowest gamma ray doses (0 and 2 Gy) produced the heaviest shoot fresh weight.
5.2.6 Control and lowest gamma ray dose (2 Gy) produced the heaviest shoot dry weights; while, the lightest shoot dry weights resulted from (4 and 6 Gy) doses. Number of cloves / bulb, cloves diameter, nitrogen, sodium, calcium, protein and sulfur content in cloves leaves had insignificant correlation relationships with garlic shoot fresh weight. The same trend of relationship was found between shoot dry weight and other studied characters.
5.2.7 Increasing gamma doses gradually decreased bulb diameter, while, (2 Gy) dose produced the biggest bulb and did not significantly differ than the control treatment. Dose (6 Gy) resulted the smallest bulbs. Simple correlation coefficients indicated that garlic bulb diameter was significantly and positively correlated with the studied traits except with potassium content in cloves.
5.2.8 The largest clove diameter resulted from (6 Gy) dose, while, control treatments produced the smallest clove diameter. Garlic cloves diameter was positively and significantly correlated with both potassium and calcium content in cloves leaves, sodium, calcium and protein content in cloves. However, it negatively and significantly correlated with phosphorus, potassium and sulfur content in cloves and phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur content in cloves leaves. The other studied traits were insignificantly correlated with cloves diameter.
5.2.9 Gamma ray dose (2 Gy) produced the heaviest bulb weight, while, the lightest bulb weight resulted from the highest gamma