الفهرس 
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Abstract
I. Ecological Studies on some insect:A- Ecological Studies on the Black cut worm, A. ipsilun 1-Winter and Spring months haroured the highest activity of A. ipsilon than outumn. However, summer months showed the lowest activity of this insect during the three studied years.
2-The effects of some weather factors on the activity and abundance of (BCW).
a)At Qulaybia:
Daily maximum temperature negative and significant effect during 2003/04 negative and insignificant effect during2004/05 and2005/06
Night minimum temperature negative and insignificant effect during the mentioned three years of investigation.
Day mean relative humidity negative and insignificant effect during 2003/2004 and 2005/2006 but was positive and insignificant during 2004/2005.
b)At Menem:
- Daily maximum temperature negative and insignificant effect during 2003/04 and 2005 but negative significant during 2005/2006.
Night minimum temperature negatively significant effect during2003/04, 2004/2005 and 2005/2006.
Day mean relative humidity negative and insignificant during the three years of investigation.
c)At Sharkia:
- Daily maximum temperature negative and significant effect during 2003/04 but insignificant effect during 2004/2005 and 2005/2006.
- Night minimum temperature negative and in ignificant effect during the three years of investigation.
Day mean relative humidity insignificant positive effect during 2003/2004 but positive and significant effect during 2004/2005, negative and insignificant effect during 2005/2006.
d)At Gharbia:
Daily maximum temperature negative and in Significant effect during 2003/04, 2004/05 but negative and significant effect during 2005/06.
- Night minimum temperature negatively significant effect during three years.
- Day mean relative humidity insignificant negative effect during three years.
B: Ecological Studies on the cotton leaf worm S. litt ralis
1-S. littoralis could be persisted in all governorat s allround the year.
2-The effects of some weather factors on the aCtivity and abundance of (CLW).
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I
a)At Qalubia:
Daily maximum temperature positive and significant effect during 2003/04 and 2004/05 but this factoD had negative significant effect during 2005/06.
Night minimum temperature positive and insignificant effect during2003/04 and 2004/05 but this factor was negatively significant effect during 2005/06.
Day mean relative humidity negative and insignificant effect during 2003/2004, but positive and insignificant effect during 2004/2005 and positively significant effect during 2005/06.
b)At Monofia:
Day maximum temperature positive and significant effect during 2003/04 and but this factor was positively significant in 2004/05 and negatively insignificant in 2000/06.
Night minimum temperature were positive and insignificant effect during2003/04 and 2004/05 but negatively insignificant effect during 2005/06.
Day mean relative humidity positive and in significant effect during 2003/04 but negative and insignificant effect in 2004/05 and 2005/06.
c)At Sharkia:
Day maximum temperature positive and significant effect during 2003/04 and 2004/05 but this factor was positively insignificant effect in 2005/06.
Night minimum temperature was positive and insignificant effect during 2003/04 , positively significant effect 2004/05 but during 2005/06 it was negatively insignificant effect .
Day mean relative humidity were negati e and in significant effect during 2003/04 and 2105/06 but negative and significant effect in 2004/05.
d) At Gharbia:
Day maximum temperature had positive and significant effect during 2003/04 and 2005/06 but during 2004/05 it was positively and insignificant.
Night minimum temperature was in significant and positive effect during the three years.
Day mean relative humidity were negative and’ significant effect during 2003/04 but this factor was positively significant effect during 2004/05 and negatively insignificant effect in 2005/06. II. Molecular work by using random
m lified polymorphic DNA Rapd-PCR optimizatio
Smilarity matrix for the results of Spodopteri littoralis samples ranged between 0.77-1.00
S. Littorahis (Qalubia) showed the lowes level of similarity with the three other samples (Menofi , Sharkia, Gharbia) (0.77) while S. Littoralis sample (Menofia) showed the highest level of similarity with sample (Sharkia) (0.83).
III. Effect of certain compounds on the 4th instar larvae of A. ipsilon and S. littoralis under laboratory condition .
1)A. ipsilon
Data also showed that clorozan had the greatent lethal on 4th instar larvae A. ipsilon. The highest mortality (98%) had been caused by the treatments of 0.125ppm concentration at 72h .
Data demonstrated revealed that the concentrations of Neemix 4.5% lead to lower mortality percentage of for 4th instar larvae of A.ipsilon the highest percentage of mortality (83%) was recorded after 120h with 100 ppm concentration and the lowest percentage of mortality after 48-120h. with 50 w/w concentration. The mortality were slightly increased to reach 12&12&2&7 and 2% for concentrations of 2&1&0.5&0.25 and 0.125g/100m1 respectively at 3rd day. While at the 7th day the mortality reached 60&49&.29&21 and 13% at the same concentration .
2)S. littoralis:
The results show that the chlorozan recorded high percentages of larval mortality (96&88and 72%) after concentrations 8.4 and 2ppm respectively. While the effect of Neemix against 4th larval instar of S.littoralis showed 65% mortality after 120 hours of exposure of 450ppm of Neemix .
While the effect Dipel-2x revealed that the mortality increased to 68% with increasing the concentration to 1 g/100m1 it reached it maximum of 85% when a concentration of 2
g/100m1 was used .The results indicates that chlorozan was the most effective against S. littoralis.
3) Biological effects:-
3-1-Evaluate the biological effects of A.ipsilon . the present study amied to evaluate of chlorozan & Neemix and Dipel-2x compounds on same biological aspects of the 4th instar larval of A.ipsilon and S.littoralis under laboratory condition .
3-1-1-Agrotis ipsilon -Larval duration :
Data showed that Dipel-2x compound caused highly prolonged in larval duration but the influence two chlorozan and Neemix compounds proved to be non significant. Mean larval duration increased from 24.3 days in untreated check to about 27.3 &27.4 and 27.02 day for chlorozan & Nee.mix and Dipel-2x respectively. The impact of different concentrations of each compound on this biological aspects was significant with high concentration compound the later concentration of the three compounds.
-Pupal duration :
Results obtained showed that pupal duration of A.ipsilon increased highly significantly as influenced by Neemix and Dipel-2x as compound with untreated larval . Mean pupal duration increased from 9.5 days in control check to about ranged between 9.5-11.3 days for the three compounds under study. The in flounce of different concentrations aspects provide to be highly significant for Dipel-2x than the other compounds . Increasing the concentration of the high concentration induced
gradual prolonged in pupal duration to show the highest means of 9.5-11.3 days of (0.125-2g/100m1) .
-Pupation percentages :
Analysis of variance of the data indicates high significant of chlorozan and Neemix on percent of pupation but the Dipel-2x showed non significant effect. Mean percent of pupation decreased from 96% in untreated check to 75 & 54 and 86 at 0.01&6.25ppm and 0.125 g/100m1 concentration for clorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp.
- % adult emergence :
The impact of different concentration of each compound on this biological aspect was highly significant and significant for Dipel-2x. Increasing the concentration of each compound induced a gradual decrease in percent of pupation to show the lowest means of 50&55.6 and 77.8 with the highest concentration of 0.125 & 100ppm and 2g/100n-11 for chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x respectively as aspect in percent of adults emergence .
-Malformation percentage of pupae and adults
The presented data indicated that the effect of chlorozan and Neemix on percent of malformation of emerged moths were significant where as the influence of Dipel-2x proved to be highly significant. Increasing the concentration of Neemix induced a gradual increased in present malformation of emerged adults of 22.2 and 20% with the highest concentration 100 and 50ppm. On the other hand in case of Dipel-2x and chlorozan show present malformation of emerged adults of 16% and 13.9% at 2g/100m1 and 0.01 % concentration resp.
-Fecundity
Statistical analysis indicated that the effect of both compound and their concentration were highly significant. Mean number of laid eggs / female decreased from 923.7 egg / female in untreated check to 543.7 & 446.3 and 538 egg/female at the lowest concentration. Increasing the concentration of either Neemix and Dipel-2x induced gradual reduction in number of laid egg/female . while in case of chlorozan there in no number of eggs laid in high concentration .
-Fertility of eggs:-
Statistical analysis of variance of the data shows that percent of egg hatching was highly significant affected by chlorozan but the influence of Neemix and Dipel-2x proved to be non significant at the lowest concentration. Mean percentage of egg hatching decreased to 68.1 & 75.4% and 84.1% for chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp. at the lowest concentration .
3-1-2- Spodoptera littoralis: - Larval duration:
Data showed that chlorozan and Neemix caused a highly significant prolonged in larval duration but the influence of Dipel-2x proved non-significant . Mean larval duration increasing from 9.5 days in untreated check to 12.8 &14.5 and 15.8 days for Dipel-2x & chlorozan and Neemix resp. Statistical analysis of the obtained data indicated significant different between the untreated and treated larval. Also the differences in larval period between treatments by the three compounds were significant .
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-Pupal duration:-
Significant elongations in the pupal period were also detected due to treatment 4th instar larvae of S. littoralis larval by chlorozan or Dipel-2x 10.5 and 9.8 days resp. and that of the control (7.5 days) . While the pupa period in case of Neemix treatment (11.8 days) was high significant longer than control and significantly longer than other treatment.
-Pupation percentages:
Analysis of variance of the data indicates highly significant of the microbial insecticide on the percent of pupation but the chlorozan and Neemix showed significant effect. The effect of different concentration of each compound on this biological aspects was highly significant increasing the concentration of each compound induced a gradual decrease in percent of pupation to show the ranged between (4-67) & (27-91%) and (13-72%) with all concentration for chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp.
Malformation percentage of pupal and adults:
Data showed that the effect of Dipel-2x on percent malformation of pupae was significant where as the influence of chlorozan and Neemix proved to be little significant but the Neemix was significant on percent malformation of emerged moths than other compounds. Mean percent malformation of pupae and emerged adults increasing from (0.0%) in untreated check to (10.84 & 3.1%) & (8.38&7.48%)and (20.8 & 5.9%) for chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp.
% adult emergence :
Statistician analysis indicated that the effect of all treated compound were a highly significant on adult emergence. The highest adult emergence of 82.16% was recorded for Neemix at the means of concentration . where as the lowest average of 43.12% was recorded for Dipel-2x. The larval treated with chlorozan showed the median average of 53.56% as compound with 89.5%of control.
Fecundity:
The crosses were put under obserralion for fecundity and egg hatchability . Results of single pair crosses after feeding on chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x. Data indicated that treated caused reduction in the oviposition period. Mean number of deposition egg/female and hatchability % .the mean number of egg per control female was 627.3,this number was reduced significant to 67.14, 234.7 and 60.14 eggs/female for chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp.
- Fertility of eggs:
Data also show that feeding on tented the three compounds had slight effect on percentage of hatchability was 29.16%,67.9% and 33% for the chlorozan &Neemix and Dipel-2x resp.