الفهرس 
الاطار النظرى والمرجعى للدراسةيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
SUMMARY
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Economic reform programs and policies were applied in Egypt since
1986 I 1987 I Egyptian Agriculture was the leading sector in that field .These
policies inctuded several trends. The most important one was the change of
the planning style from governmental central planning into a planning policy
that works under the market mechanism. The role of the government was
limited to enhance agricultural development. These policies aimed at raising
rates of abeial and economic development, efficiency of available economic
resources , and liberation of the prices of farm products. Furthermore, the
producers become free to cultivate what ever they decide according to market
needs and the supply and demand conditions. The private sector was allowed
to trade in production requirements.
There is a gap between food production and consumption, as well as the
self·sufficiency rate is still low despite the increase in both Wheat and Maize
production. So this study was performed to investigate whether the economic
reform policy with the use of new technological approaches can solve this
problem.
In general this research aimed at measuring the effect of the economic
reform policy on the economics of Wheat and Maize production through
stUdying the effect of this policy on the physical and economical factors that
determine the production of these crops dUring the study . This work
comprised two periods, the first was before applying the economic reform
policy ( 1977· 1986) whereas the second one was dUring the application of
that policy (1987 ••1996) . Development of consumption, food gap, rate of
self .sufficiency as wen as the factors that determine the cultivated area with
the crops concerned were studied .
Also, the effect of the economic refonn policy on the production efficiency
of these crops were studied through determining the functions of production
and production costs .
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Descriptive and quantitative analysis of the statistical data was carried
out .The relations among all variables were expressed using mathematical
methods. Simple and multiple regression coefficients ’were calculated.
Production and cost functions were estimated.!n addition ,general time series of
physical and economical variables affecting the production of crops concerned
were also estimated . Data were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture
bulletins and the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics .
The thesia comprises four main chapters, in addition to the introduction;
abstract in both Arabic and English and list of references.
Introduction presents the problem, the objectives of the study, sources
of data and applied methods of analysis.
The first chapter dealt with the literature review and theoretical framework
of the study.
The second chapter consists of two parts: the first presents the
economics of Wheat production where the second presents the economics of
maize production.
The third chapter emphasized the effect of the economic policy on the net
return of feddan from the competitive crops. The alternative circulations and
consumption from the crops under study are included.
The fourth chapter dealt with production efficiency of these cereal crops in
EL-Sharkia governorate . ,~,
from the study, it has been found that the annual increase in wheat and
maize production was about 7.25 %, 4.41 % • respectively over the average
production.
Wheat cultivation is concentrated in the governorates of EL-5harkia,
EL- Dakhlia • elo- Behaira and Kafer - E 1- Shekh .
Summer maize cultivation is concentrated in EL- Menia , EL-5harkia •
EL- Monofis and EL- Gharbia governorates .
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Studying geographical distribution of wlJeat and summer maize areas
showed that EL•.Sharkia is the first governorate with averages of about 250.9 ,
and 239.3 thousand feddans which represent about 10.69 % and 13.70 %,
respectively from the total area during 1994 - 1996 .
The annual rate of increase in the area of wheat and summer maize was
about 3.96%, 1.43%, respectively. The annual rate of increase of feddan
productivity from wheat • summer maize was about 3.85% and 3.01%,
respectively from productivity average.
Studying the effect of the economic reform policy on production indicated
the existence of some side positive effects .
After applying the economic reform policy, there was a significant
increasing trend for each of the area of wheat, productivity, total production,
the current farm price,and current total cost .The annual increasing rates were
about 6.26%,2.8%.7.84%,8.71%.13.63% respectively. But this policy had
increasing trends though insignificant for eash of total cost, current net return
per fedaan about which were1.69% and 5.62% respectively.However, the
annual rate of farm price I net return and the return on invested capital
decreased by about 2.42 % I 5.16 % and 6.36 % respectively.
With regard to maize after applying the economic reform policy,
a significant increasing trend for each of the area of the crop, productivity, total
production, and current total cost were found annual increasing rates were
about 2.61%.2.6%,5.11% and 13.12% respectively. There was an increasing
trend though insignificant for total cost ( about 1.22% ), While the farm price ,
net return, the return on invested capital and current net return decreased
annually by about 8.03% ,10.48% , 11.2% and 0.43% respectively . Th... ,.ults indicate that the economic reform policy had a real effect
on these variables. Which reflected positively on the net return of feddan
from the subStitute circulations and competitive crops .. The study refer to
increasing imports ,consumption and self ~sufficiency of wheat and maize I
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and decrealing food gap of Maize.
The study presents sample farms and area of study. It also presents
causes which led to choose the field research in At-Sharkia governorate .
AL-Sharkia represented the biggest land area and the highest production of
wheat and maize. Bander Abo-Kebeer and Tokh EI-Karamoos villages were
randomly chosen from Abo-Kebeer markaz .
Data were collected from the chosen Villages according to the account
number of holders and~totallands hold. Samples taken from each village were
classified into three categories (less than one feddan ) I ( one feddan to less
than two feddans) and more than two feddans.
The study dealt with the production and cost functions in the light of the
preceding holding categories.
Wheat and maize production functions in.sample study were estimated .
The yields of wheat and maize were considered the dependent variables,
where as the independent variables were seeds. human labor. mechanical
work and nitrate • phosphatic • manure fertilizers e . Production functions for
wheat samples had been estimated at the level of three holding sizes .It was
found that production significantly responded to seeds • nitrate fertilizer I
phosphatic fertilizer and human labor indicating a positive input _ output
relationship, while mechanical work indicating a negative input-output
relationship.
Production elasticity amounted 0.50 , 0.11 • 1.017 • 0.13 for seeds • nitrate
fertilizer, phosphatic fertilizer and human labor respectively .Coefficient of
determination of the model was about 0.92 . Concerning the production
function of the first holding class level. it was indicated that seeds and human
labor were the most limiting effects on production. At. the second holding class
level , production function of wheat indicated that seeds is the most limiting
factor.
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Analyzing the production function of wheat at the third holding class level,
it has been revealed that nitrate fertilizer is the most limiting factor on
production . It ha. been found that production significantly responded to nitrate
fertilizer and a positive input - output relationship existed.
Production function of summer maize sample had been estimated at the
Jevel of three holding sizes . It has been found that production significantly
responded to seeds I manure and nitrate fertilizer indicating a positive inputoutput
relationship.
Production elasticity amounted about 0.11 , 0.79 and 0.09 of seeds,
manure and nitrate fertilizer, respectively. Coefficient of determination of the
model was about 0.97 .
Concerning the production function of the first holding class leve’, it was
Indicated that teeds and manure fertilizer were the most limiting factors on
production function of summer maize . This finding indicates that manure
fertilizer and nitrate fertilizer are the most limiting factors of production with
a positive input • output relationship. However, there was a negative input _
output relationship with phosphatic fertilizer and mechanical labor . Analyzing
the production function of summer maize at the third holding class level
revealed thlt Ned was the most limiting factor on production. It has been
found that production significantly responded to seed and a positive input _
output relationship was found.
The study presents the costs of the crops under study. The costs were
diVided into two categories, fixed costs which included land rent and variable
costs which included costs of human labor , inechanicaJ labor and nitrate ,
phosphatic, manure fertilizers and seeds . Fixed costs, variable costs and
total costs.,. 323.9,54,3.6 and 867.6 pound perfeddan respectively in Tokh
EI-Karamool vill8ge . The corresponding estimates for sunvner maize in
Bander Abo-Khbeer village were about 224.4 • 549.7 and 878.2 L.E, with fixed
costs I variable costs and total costs respectively.
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For estimating the cost functions of the crops under study. The 2 DIi
degree equation was selected as it conforms with the economic rational for
wheat and summer maize. Significance of the applied function of costs has
been proved to wheat . Coefficient of determination of the model was about
0.89 t estimating the volume of the optimum production per feddan and more
efficient in productivity • it was about 14.98 ardab I feddan • the production
average of wheat in the sample was 16.39 ardab . It means that I production of
wheat establish the volume of production had more efficient but not achieve to
the volume of maximum profit. So, it must be produced until the marginal cost
equals the farm price. The factor of cost elasticity was about 0.99 I indicating
that production i’ near the economic stage.
The applied function of summer maize was has been proved to significant.
Coefficient of determination of the model was about 0.95 I estimating the
volume of the optimum production per feddan and more efficient in productiVity,
it was about 11.12 ardab I feddan I the average of summer maize production in
the sample was 18.64 ardab . It means that production of summer maize
establish the volume of production the more efficient but not achieved to the
volume of maximum profit. So , it must be produced until the marginal cost
equals the farm price .
The factor of cost elasticity was about 0.75 indicating that production is
near the economic stage .
Last section of this study dealt with the essential defects I problems and
their respective remedies which faced producers of the crops under study.
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