الفهرس 
Introduction to APSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome is a rare, but potentially
devastating condition. Patients with APS develop significant
morbidity and mortality despite current therapy.
Renal disease is present in 8 to 10% of patients with
APS. In addition to APS nephropathy, glomerular diseases, in
particular membranous nephropathy (MN) can occur. Kidney
biopsy can have an important role in the treatment of these
patients. The heterogeneity of renal involvement confirms the
presence of a continuum between SLE and PAPS. Renal
prognosis seems to be good.
Not all of the clinical manifestations of PAPS can be
interpreted on the basis on thrombotic lesions. Our findings
confirm that PAPS can be considered an autoimmune systemic
disease. Anticoagulation remains the mainstay treatment of
patients with renal involvement due to APS. In addition,
patients with catastrophic features often require
immunosuppressive therapy.
Repeated positivity for LA and⁄ or solid-phase
antibodies is considered a risk factor for clinical events;
however, no precise information on the relative risk conferred
by single or combined positivity is available. Recent investigations addressing this issue found that multiple
positivity in tests exploring the presence of aPA ismore
frequently associated with thrombo embolic events and
pregnancy morbidity than single-test positivity.
One important aspect of the APS is that patients should
be stratified and treated according to some clinical and
immunologic characteristics in addition to the aPA positivity. In
this sense, closer control of vascular risk factors and therapeutic
monitoring (to ensure a correct INR) are important clues in the
management of patients with APS and thrombosis in order to
improve their morbidity and mortality rates.