الفهرس 
Anatomy of the female breastOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Improvement in the treatment and outcome of patients with breast cancer requires the development of diagnostic tools that can help in early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer and also the differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions in a noninvasive and reliable manner. Through the progress of recent MR technique, application of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) to breast cancer has established. Tointerpret DWI, we can use molecular information for diagnosis of breast cancer and evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as well as conventional, morphologic and vascular information.Increased water diffusion was observed in patient responding to therapy with chemotherapy and radiotherapy . Since cellularity and other tissue properties vary in normal, malignant and benign tumors, diffusion coefficient of water in these tissue could be of diagnostic value. As The normal breast tissue and the benign lesion showed significantly higher ADC than those found in malignant breast lesions.However, cyst showed higher ADC compared to benign and malignant tissues. Sothere was an inverse correlation between ADC and tumor cellularity.It could also be used for assessment of therapeutic response. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS)is the only noninvasive technique capable of measuring chemicals within the body. 1HMRS of the breast has demonstrated that choline (Cho) can be detected in breast cancers, whereas Cho is generally undetectable in normal breast tissue. Increased levels of Cho-containing compounds are thought to be an indicator of the activity of breast neoplasms and of the viability of breast cancers. Therefore, breast MR spectroscopy has shown great promise as a way to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions and to gauge the effect of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with locally advanced breast cancer by comparison of the choline level before treatment with subsequent choline reduction or disappearance after treatment. However there is limitation of the use of the composite choline signal as a marker for breast cancer in lactating women because of normally presence of choline in milk. Phylloides tumors, including both benign and borderline malignant varieties, are negative on 1H MRS, suggesting that 1HMRS may be useful in the detection of epithelial (carcinoma) but not non epithelial (stromal) malignancy. 1HMRS and DWI were shown to improve diagnostic accuracy and also as a useful technique to monitor the tumor response to therapy in a noninvasive manner.