الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease accounting for 90-95% of all diabetes syndromes. Type 2 diabetes results from a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance.
Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese, and obesity itself causes some degree of insulin resistance. The risk of developing this form of diabetes increases with age, obesity, and lack of physical activity.
Morbidity from T2DM is generally grouped into the microvascular and macrovascular complications. The microvascular disorders include diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. The macrovascular complications include coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of hypertension and diabetes-related complications. Effects of the renin angiotensin system involvement have been shown at both local and systemic level in diabetic complications deriving from events taking place in blood vessels.
In particular, changes in serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity levels are considered to be key factors since ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor as well as playing a vital role in regulation of blood pressure. Therefore, in this study we evaluated ACE activity levels, blood glucose and HbA1c levels and some biochemical parameters in type2 DM patients without complications and diabetic patients with either hypertension or nephropathy or retinopathy.
The aim of the work was to study the serum level of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without complications.
The study was conducted on 60 subjects, 40 obese patients (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30) with type 2 diabetes, 10 obese non diabetic non hypertensive subjects, and 10 controls. They were classified into six groups: Group I: 10 obese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, Group II: 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, Group III: 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, Group IV: 10 obese patients with type 2 diabetes and retinopathy, Group V: 10 obese non diabetic non hypertensive subjects, Group VI: 10 normal non obese subjects as a control group.
Type1 diabetic patients, patients with liver diseases, collagenic diseases, and any other diseases that affect serum ACE were excluded from the study.
All selected patients and controls were subjected to: full history ,thorough clinical examination focusing on blood