الفهرس 
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE URINARY BLADDEROnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is a common tumor, primarily involving the older male. Most tumors of the urinary bladder are malignant. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder represents 4.4% of all malignancies and is associated with a relatively high mortality (2.2% of all cancer deaths). The urinary bladder tumor has a high tendency for recurrence after treatment in 30–80% of patients.
In the evaluation of patients with hematuria, many imaging modalities including CT, trans-abdominal US, cystography, IVU, and MR imaging was the primary methodes used to evaluate the bladder.
Conventional cystoscopy remains in the clinical use the standard for evaluation of the bladder for neoplasms and may be a necessary in patients suspected of having bladder carcinoma as it has the ability of take biopsy from suspected lesions.
At present, it is important to gather information about the reliability of the new imaging methods compared with conventional cystoscopy.
Recent advances in CT and MRI have improved the image quality and diagnostic accuracy for staging of bladder cancer.
Similarly, advances in ultrasonic techniques such as TUUS, ELUS, TRUS and 3DUS have improved diagnostic accuracy in the staging of bladder tumors.
3 D-US used in clinical practice depends upon its cost-effectiveness. It is rapidly gaining popularity as it presents more advantages over the 2 D-US systems as it presents improved visualization tools as the superior image quality, multi-slice capability and real time capability. 3D-US is significantly more accurate than standard 2D-US in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with haematuria. Thus, this diagnostic technique might be useful for routine evaluation of the urinary bladder.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Recently the advent of new CT technology (MD CT urography), which improves z-axis resolution which gives it the ability to detect small lesions like carcinoma in situ. Contrast-enhanced multi–detector row CT urography performed with a combination of unenhanced, nephrographic-phase, and excretory-phase imaging can demonstrate a wide spectrum of urinary system diseases including the urinary bladder cancer with a single study
MDCT urography can identify papillary and flat, high-grade and low-grade malignancies (although it cannot determine tumor type, growth pattern, or grade on the basis of tumor size or morphology). The ability of MDCT urography to image the urinary tract and the remainder of the abdomen and pelvis, gives it an increasing role in diagnosis and staging of urinary tract neoplasms.
MR imaging of the bladder can now be routinely and easily performed with consistent quality. The latest techniques provide high-resolution images of the soft tissue contrast.
MR imaging should be used to study the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder in patients whom intravenous contrast material and ionizing radiation are contraindicated.
However, MR imaging is not sensitive in detection of urinary calculi, and its spatial resolution is inferior to that of CT.
The recently developed MRU is used for the screening of urinary tract disorders or patients with renal failure.
Static and contrast-enhanced excretory MRU combined with conventional MR images, functional MR sequences or MR angiography, in a single session yields a rapid and complete diagnostic evaluation of the entire urinary tract, and have the potential to provide the same information as can be obtained with multiple separate diagnostic studies.