الفهرس 
Anatomy of the crystalline lens, ciliary muscle and zonuleOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The term presbyopia means reduction in the amplitude of accommodation, which occurs with aging. It implies recession of the near point while the far point is unaffected.
Conventional non-surgical methods of correction of presbyopia include spectacles and CLs.
Due to advances in the field of refractive surgery, presbyopia is now considered to be surgically reversible by many ways at different anatomical regions of the eye.
• Scleral surgery for presbyopia includes SEBs and ACS, both of which are based on the same principal. According to Schachar theory of accommodation, reversal of presbyopia can be achieved by increasing the distance between the equator of the lens and ciliary body. The newest method is with erbium YAG laser.
• Corneal surgery for presbyopia which includes:
Implantation of intracorneal hydrogel lens +2.00D to +4.OO D with a 2-4 mm diameter and the AcuFocus corneal inlay that increases the patient’s depth of field.
Monovision which has the concept of correcting one eye for distance and the other for near by using PRK or LASIK.
Multifocal cornea which is another approach to correct presbyopia by using PRK, LASIK, or CK to create multifocal cornea with different regions with different power.
IntraCOR: is an intrastromal correction using the femtosecond laser which reshapes the cornea by inducing a redistribution of biomechanical forces, with the combination of new, completely intrastromal ablation patterns leading to the desired refractive effect
• IOls with their rapid developments including: multifocals, accommodative, and presbyopic phakic IOls.
Surgical correction of presbyopia is promising but needs more research.